GMATOG13语法真题 内附自己笔记.docx
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GMATOG13语法真题内附自己笔记
1.Inareviewof2,000studiesofhumanbehaviorthatdatebacktothe1940s,twoSwisspsychologists,declaringthatsincemostofthestudieshadfailedtocontrolforsuchvariablesassocialclassandfamilysize,nonecouldbetakenseriously.
(A)psychologists,declaringthatsincemostofthestudieshadfailedtocontrolforsuchvariablesassocialclassandfamilysize,
(B)psychologists,declaringthatmostofthestudiesfailedinnotcontrollingforsuchvariableslikesocialclassandfamilysize,and
(C)psychologistsdeclaredthatsincemostofthestudies,havingfailedtocontrolforsuchvariablesassocialclassandfamilysize,
(D)psychologistsdeclaredthatsincemostofthestudiesfailincontrollingforsuchvariableslikesocialclassandfamilysize,
(E)psychologistsdeclaredthatsincemostofthestudieshadfailedtocontrolforvariablessuchassocialclassandfamilysize,
1.分词的不正确使用导致句子碎片
2.时态不一致
3.suchlike搭配错误
4.failtodo为正确搭配,failindoing好像没见过,在目前看到过的fail搭配中,只有failtodo和sthfail两种搭配
5.表示举例用suchas
2.Manufacturersratebatteriesinwatt-hours;iftheyratethewatt-hourhigher,thelongerthebatterycanbeexpectedtolast.
(A)iftheyratethewatt-hourhigher,thelonger
(B)ratingthewatt-hourhigher,itisthatmuchlonger
(C)thehigherthewatt-hourrating,thelonger
(D)thehigherthewatt-hourrating,itisthatmuchlongerthat
(E)whenthewatt-hourratingishigher,thelongeritis
3.Althoughasurgeinretailsaleshaveraisedhopesthatthereisarecoveryfinallyunderway,manyeconomistssaythatwithoutalargeamountofspendingtherecoverymightnotlast.
(A)haveraisedhopesthatthereisarecoveryfinally
(B)raisedhopesfortherebeingarecoveryfinally
(C)hadraisedhopesforarecoveryfinallybeing
(D)hasraisedhopesthatarecoveryisfinally
(E)raisedhopesforarecoveryfinally
1.主谓单复数(杀伤力最强),注意倒装形式中的主谓搭配(fromwhichderivesbothAandB,错误,因为AandB,谓语用复数)
2.therebe是一种冗余的结构
3.being出现基本不正确,但有例外
4.raised的过去时用法是正确的,但用现在完成时更好,表示持续到现在
5.过去完成时的用法就不对了,没有过去的时间点。
6.hopeforsthorhopethat……原文更想表达的是“复苏已经开始”的希望,所以不是单单对某种事物的希望。
用后一种比较好。
这个原理好像就是“事物”“事物的变化”这两个概念的区别,很多时候我们要的是“事物在变化”,而不仅仅是“事物”。
这个逻辑考察点在GMAT中也比较常考到。
4.Attheendofthe1930s,DukeEllingtonwaslookingforacomposertoassisthim—someonenotonlywhocouldarrangemusicforhissuccessfulbigband,butmirroringhiseccentricwritingstyleaswellinordertofinishthemanypieceshehadstartedbutnevercompleted.
(A)someonenotonlywhocouldarrangemusicforhissuccessfulbigband,butmirroringhiseccentricwritingstyleaswellinordertofinish
(B)someonewhocouldnotonlyarrangemusicforhissuccessfulbigband,butalsomirrorhiseccentricwritingstyleinordertofinish
(C)someonewhonotonlycouldarrangemusicforhissuccessfulbigband,butalsotomirrorhiseccentricwritingstyleinfinishing
(D)thatbeingsomeonewhocouldnotonlyarrangemusicforhissuccessfulbigband,butmirroringhiseccentricwritingstyleforfinishing
(E)beingsomeonenotonlywhocouldarrangemusicforhissuccessfulbigband,butmirrorhiseccentricwritingstyleaswell,finishing
1.notonly….Butalso….固定搭配,而且是平行的标志词,但要注意题目中究竟是不是需要这个递进关系的连词,还是仅仅需要转折,如果是后者,那么仅仅是not…..but……就可以了。
2.todo>fordoing/ofdoing,(杀伤力弱)
3.破折号,一个的时候当逗号;两个的时候当可以把破折号成对的去掉。
5.Ofallthevasttidesofmigrationthathavesweptthroughhistory,maybenoneismoreconcentratedasthewavethatbrought12millionimmigrantsontoAmericanshoresinlittlemorethanthreedecades.
(A)maybenoneismoreconcentratedas
(B)itmaybethatnoneismoreconcentratedas
(C)perhapsitisnonethatismoreconcentratedthan
(D)maybeitisnonethatwasmoreconcentratedthan
(E)perhapsnonewasmoreconcentratedthan
1.maybe不对(但注意OG上说maybe和perhaps是可以互换的)
2.比较级比用than,as用错
3.时态
4.it的代词指代that从句:
1.that从句在句中作主语2.that从句在句中作宾语。
这里it如果是强调句,明显改变了原句的含义。
6.Diabetes,togetherwithitsseriouscomplications,ranksasthenation'sthirdleadingcauseofdeath,surpassedonlybyheartdiseaseandcancer.
(A)ranksasthenation'sthirdleadingcauseofdeath,surpassedonly
(B)rankasthenation'sthirdleadingcauseofdeath,onlysurpassed
(C)hastherankofthenation'sthirdleadingcauseofdeath,onlysurpassed
(D)arethenation'sthirdleadingcausesofdeath,surpassedonly
(E)havebeenrankedasthenation'sthirdleadingcausesofdeath,onlysurpassed
1.diabetes,是单数;而且awithb结构,谓语看a。
本句中两个逗号之间的内容如果全部去掉的话也可以得出用Ranks的单数形式。
2.only的用法,放在被限定的词语之前。
如果放在surpass之前,意思就变成了“仅仅被超过,没有被其他怎么样。
。
”放在heartdisease之前,则说明仅仅只是被heartdisease和cancer超过,没有被其他的超过,因此only的位置不能变。
3.这里的surpassed修饰的是cause,在任何情况下,V-ed都会作为形容词,修饰紧邻名词,作定语。
修饰名词,touch-rule,这个和没有逗号的v-ing相似,还记得prep08里compare的那题么,compare可以不修饰前面的名词,
7.Theintricatestructureofthecompoundinsecteye,havinghundredsofminiatureevescalledommatidia,helpexplainwhyscientistshaveassumedthatitevolvedindependentlyofthevertebrateeye.
(A)havinghundredsofminiatureeyescalledommatidia,helpexplainwhyscientistshaveassumedthatit
(B)havinghundredsofminiatureeyesthatarecalledommatidia,helpsexplainwhyscientistshaveassumedthatthey
(C)withitshundredsofminiatureeyesthatarecalledommatidia,helpsexplainscientists'assumingthatthey
(D)withitshundredsofminiatureeyescalledommatidia,helpexplainscientists'assumingthatit
(E)withitshundredsofminiatureeyescalledommatidia,helpsexplainwhyscientistshaveassumedthatit
1.主谓单复数,常常会在主语之后加很多的修饰语然后来考这个。
目的是隔开主谓,放松警惕。
2.n+that+be。
冗余但是直接用N+that+be就把选项给排除了是有风险的。
除非时间来不及,还是应该要努力把其余的选项都过一下。
3.they指代insecteye不合理
8.Inlate1997,thechambersinsidethepyramidofthePharaohMenkaureatGizawereclosedtovisitorsforcleaningandrepairduetomoistureexhaledbytourists,whichraiseditshumiditytosuchlevelssothatsaltfromthestonewascrystallizingandfunguswasgrowingonthewalls.
(A)duetomoistureexhaledbytourists,whichraiseditshumiditytosuchlevelssothatsaltfromthestonewascrystallizing
(B)duetomoisturethattouristshadexhaled,therebyraisingitshumiditytosuchlevelsthatsaltfromthestonewouldcrystallize
(C)becausetouristswereexhalingmoisture,whichhadraisedthehumiditywithinthemtolevelssuchthatsaltfromthestonewouldcrystallize
(D)becauseofmoisturethatwasexhaledbytouristsraisingthehumiditywithinthemtolevelssohighastomakethesaltfromthestonecrystallize
(E)becausemoistureexhaledbytouristshadraisedthehumiditywithinthemtosuchlevelsthatsaltfromthestonewascrystallizing
1.A,B,D同样犯了一个“事物”和“事物变化”的错误,用了介词(dueto,becauseof),那就是表示“事物”,但是文章所要表达的是“事物变化”,即湿气提高了湿度,使得XXX关闭,而不是湿气使XX关闭。
这是经常考的逻辑问题。
联系
2.its不能指代chambers,看到句子的主语,就要留意单复数的问题。
3.such….sothat…..搭配错误
4.最后不平行
5.这里的so….asto是正确的搭配,表示的是“以至于”的意思,与soasto不同(表示的是inorderto)的意思,而且soasto出现即错。
6.Ron关于介词指代歧义的说法:
1.应该到最后才用这个规律排除,一般不要考虑,比如这里的them会不会指代tourists2.如果有名词取代代词,那是正确答案出现的标志。
9.In1979lackofrainreducedIndia'sriceproductiontoabout41milliontons,nearly25percentlessthanthoseofthe1978harvest.
(A)lessthanthoseofthe1978harvest
(B)lessthanthe1978harvest
(C)lessthan1978
(D)fewerthan1978
(E)fewerthanthatofIndia's1978harvest
1.在几乎所有的those/thatof引导的比较问题,OG的选项前面都会有个与that/thoseof对称的结构来认为that/those是指代noun/nounsof中的noun/nouns
2.fewer修饰可数名词,less修饰不可数名词。
Those表示的是可数,that表示的是不可数,所以A,E就自我矛盾了。
3.从语义上,应该比的是production,所以用less,production和harvest的比较
10.Thewidelyacceptedbigbangtheoryholdsthattheuniversebeganinanexplosiveinstanttentotwentybillionyearsagoandhasbeenexpandingeversince.
(A)thattheuniversebeganinanexplosiveinstanttentotwentybillionyearsagoandhasbeenexpanding
(B)thattheuniversehadbeguninanexplosiveinstanttentotwentybillionyearsagoandhadbeenexpanding
(C)thatthebeginningoftheuniversewasanexplosiveinstanttentotwentybillionyearsagothathasexpanded
(D)thebeginningoftheuniversetohavebeenanexplosiveinstanttentotwentybillionyearsagothatisexpanding
(E)theuniversetohavebeguninanexplosiveinstanttentotwentybillionyearsagoandhasbeenexpanding
1.宾语从句必要加that
2.时态问题---过去完成时没有相应的时间点
3.动词>形容词>抽象名词》动名词》从句
4.GMAT中常见的另一种逻辑错误是:
什么是什么?
比如C中说的beginning是instant,就是不符合逻辑的说法
5.C中把原来平行的句子变成了从属的关系,必错。
11.LiketheidolizationaccordedtheBrontesandBrownjngs,JamesJoyceandVirginiaWoolfareoftensubjectedtothekindofvenerationthatblursthedistinctionbetweentheartistandthehumanbeing.
(A)LiketheidolizationaccordedtheBrontesandBrownings,
(B)AstheBrontes'andBrownings'idolization,
(C)LikethataccordedtotheBrontesandBrownings,
(D)AsitisoftheBrontesandBrownings,
(E)LiketheBrontesandBrownings,
Like放句首,比较对象一致。
Like后面只跟名词
12.Carnivorousmammalscanendurewhatwouldotherwisebelethallevelsofbodyheatbecausetheyhaveaheat-exchangenetworkwhichkeptthebrainfromgettingtoohot.
(A)whichkept
(B)thatkeeps
(C)whichhaskept
(D)thathasbeenkeeping
(E)havingkept(havingdone不能做名词的后置定语)
1.时态
2."Having+pastparticiple"willonlybeanounmodifierwhenthatnounisthesubjectofaclause(不确定,25神经科学家)
3.havingdone和havingbeendone都不是动名词结构,不能充当名词成分,所以不能做主语或宾语等名词可以充当的成分,也不能做后置定语
4.havingdone短语中所表达的内容发生在主句动作之前(就像neuroscientist那题)
13.Thereareseveralwaystobuildsolidwallsusingjustmudorclay,butthemostextensivelyusedmethodhasbeentheformingofbricksoutofmudorclay,and,aftersomepreliminaryairdryingorsundrying,theyarelaidinthewallinmudmortar.
(A)theformingofbricksoutofmudorclay,and,aftersomepreliminaryairdryingorsundrying,theyarelaid
(B)formingthemudorclayintobricks,and,afters