TED英语演讲稿越有钱越无情.docx

TED英语演讲稿越有钱越无情.docx

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TED英语演讲稿越有钱越无情

TED英语演讲稿：

越有钱越无情？

iwantyouto,foramoment,thinkaboutplayingagameofmonopoly,exceptinthisgame,thatcombinationofskill,talentandluckthathelpearnyousuccessingames,asinlife,hasbeenrenderedirrelevant,becausethisgamesbeenrigged,andyouvegottheupperhand.youvegotmoremoney,moreopportunitiestomovearoundtheboard,andmoreaccesstoresources.andasyouthinkaboutthatexperience,iwantyoutoaskyourself,howmightthatexperienceofbeingaprivilegedplayerinariggedgamechangethewaythatyouthinkaboutyourselfandregardthatotherplayer?

soweranastudyontheu.c.berkeleycampustolookatexactlythatquestion.webroughtinmorethan100pairsofstrangersintothelab,andwiththeflipofacoinrandomlyassignedoneofthetwotobearichplayerinariggedgame.theygottwotimesasmuchmoney.whentheypassedgo,theycollectedtwicethesalary,andtheygottorollbothdiceinsteadofone,sotheygottomovearoundtheboardalotmore.（laughter）andoverthecourseof15minutes,wewatchedthroughhiddencameraswhathappened.andwhatiwanttodotoday,forthefirsttime,isshowyoualittlebitofwhatwesaw.youregoingtohavetopardonthesoundquality,insomecases,becauseagain,thesewerehiddencameras.soweveprovidedsubtitles.richplayer:

howmany500sdidyouhave?

poorplayer:

justone.

richplayer:

areyouserious.poorplayer:

yeah.

richplayer:

ihavethree.（laughs）idontknowwhytheygavemesomuch.

paulpiff:

okay,soitwasquicklyapparenttoplayersthatsomethingwasup.onepersonclearlyhasalotmoremoneythantheotherperson,andyet,asthegameunfolded,wesawverynotabledifferencesanddramaticdifferencesbegintoemergebetweenthetwoplayers.therichplayerstartedtomovearoundtheboardlouder,literallysmackingtheboardwiththeirpieceashewentaround.weweremorelikelytoseesignsofdominanceandnonverbalsigns,displaysofpowerandcelebrationamongtherichplayers.

wehadabowlofpretzelspositionedofftotheside.itsonthebottomrightcornerthere.thatallowedustowatchparticipantsconsummatorybehavior.sowerejusttrackinghowmanypretzelsparticipantseat.

richplayer:

arethosepretzelsatrick?

poorplayer:

idontknow.

pp:

okay,sonosurprises,peopleareontous.theywonderwhatthatbowlofpretzelsisdoingthereinthefirstplace.oneevenasks,likeyoujustsaw,isthatbowlofpretzelsthereasatrick?

andyet,despitethat,thepowerofthesituationseemstoinevitablydominate,andthoserichplayersstarttoeatmorepretzels.

richplayer:

ilovepretzels.

（laughter）

pp:

andasthegamewenton,oneofthereallyinterestinganddramaticpatternsthatweobservedbegintoemergewasthattherichplayersactuallystartedtobecomerudertowardtheotherperson,lessandlesssensitivetotheplightofthosepoor,poorplayers,andmoreandmoredemonstrativeoftheirmaterialsuccess,morelikelytoshowcasehowwelltheyredoing.richplayer:

ihavemoneyforeverything.poorplayer:

howmuchisthat?

richplayer:

youoweme24dollars.youregoingtoloseallyourmoneysoon.illbuyit.ihavesomuchmoney.ihavesomuchmoney,ittakesmeforever.richplayer2:

imgoingtobuyoutthiswholeboard.richplayer3:

youregoingtorunoutofmoneysoon.imprettymuchuntouchableatthispoint.

pp:

okay,andhereswhatithinkwasreally,reallyinteresting,isthatattheendofthe15minutes,weaskedtheplayerstotalkabouttheirexperienceduringthegame.andwhentherichplayerstalkedaboutwhytheyhadinevitablywoninthisriggedgameofmonopoly--（laughter）theytalkedaboutwhattheyddonetobuythosedifferentpropertiesandearntheirsuccessinthegame,andtheybecamefarlessattunedtoallthosedifferentfeaturesofthesituation,includingthatflipofacointhathadrandomlygottenthemintothatprivilegedpositioninthefirstplace.andthatsareally,reallyincredibleinsightintohowthemindmakessenseofadvantage.

nowthisgameofmonopolycanbeusedasametaphorforunderstandingsocietyanditshierarchicalstructure,whereinsomepeoplehavealotofwealthandalotofstatus,andalotofpeopledont.theyhavealotlesswealthandalotlessstatusandalotlessaccesstovaluedresources.andwhatmycolleaguesandiforthelastsevenyearshavebeendoingisstudyingtheeffectsofthesekindsofhierarchies.whatwevebeenfindingacrossdozensofstudiesandthousandsofparticipantsacrossthiscountryisthatasapersonslevelsofwealthincrease,theirfeelingsofcompassionandempathygodown,andtheirfeelingsofentitlement,ofdeservingness,andtheirideologyofself-interestincreases.insurveys,wefoundthatitsactuallywealthierindividualswhoaremorelikelytomoralizegreedbeinggood,andthatthepursuitofself-interestisfavorableandmoral.nowwhatiwanttodotodayistalkaboutsomeoftheimplicationsofthisideologyself-interest,talkaboutwhyweshouldcareaboutthoseimplications,andendwithwhatmightbedone.

someofthefirststudiesthatweraninthisarealookedathelpingbehavior,somethingsocialpsychologistscallpro-socialbehavior.andwewerereallyinterestedinwhosmorelikelytoofferhelptoanotherperson,someonewhosrichorsomeonewhospoor.inoneofthestudies,webringinrichandpoormembersofthecommunityintothelabandgiveeachofthemtheequivalentof10dollars.wetoldtheparticipantsthattheycouldkeepthese10dollarsforthemselves,ortheycouldshareaportionofit,iftheywantedto,withastrangerwhoistotallyanonymous.theyllnevermeetthatstrangerandthestrangerwillnevermeetthem.andwejustmonitorhowmuchpeoplegive.individualswhomade25,000sometimesunder15,000dollarsayear,gave44percentmoreoftheirmoneytothestrangerthandidindividualsmaking150,000or200,000dollarsayear.

wevehadpeopleplaygamestoseewhosmoreorlesslikelytocheattoincreasetheirchancesofwinningaprize.inoneofthegames,weactuallyriggedacomputersothatdierollsoveracertainscorewereimpossible.youcouldntgetabove12inthisgame,andyet,thericheryouwere,themorelikelyyouweretocheatinthisgametoearncreditstowarda$50cashprize,sometimesbythreetofourtimesasmuch.

werananotherstudywherewelookedatwhetherpeoplewouldbeinclinedtotakecandyfromajarofcandythatweexplicitlyidentifiedasbeingreservedforchildren--（laughter）participating--imnotkidding.iknowitsoundslikeimmakingajoke.weexplicitlytoldparticipantsthisjarofcandysforchildrenparticipatinginadevelopmentallabnearby.theyreinstudies.thisisforthem.andwejustmonitoredhowmuchcandyparticipantstook.participantswhofeltrichtooktwotimesasmuchcandyasparticipantswhofeltpoor.

weveevenstudiedcars,notjustanycars,butwhetherdriversofdifferentkindsofcarsaremoreorlessinclinedtobreakthelaw.inoneofthesestudies,welookedatwhetherdriverswouldstopforapedestrianthatwehadposedwaitingtocrossatacrosswalk.nowincalifornia,asyouallknow,becauseimsurewealldothis,itsthelawtostopforapedestrianwhoswaitingtocross.soheresanexampleofhowwedidit.thatsourconfederateofftotheleftposingasapedestrian.heapproachesastheredtrucksuccessfullystops.intypicalcaliforniafashion,itsovertakenbythebuswhoalmostrunsourpedestrianover.（laughter）nowheresanexampleofamoreexpensivecar,aprius,drivingthrough,andabmwdoingthesame.sowedidthisforhundredsofvehiclesonseveraldays,justtrackingwhostopsandwhodoesnt.whatwefoundwasthatastheexpensivenessofacarincreased,thedriverstendenciestobreakthelawincreasedaswell.noneofthecars,noneofthecarsinourleastexpensivecarcategorybrokethelaw.closeto50percentofthecarsinourmostexpensivevehiclecategorybrokethelaw.weverunotherstudiesfindingthatwealthierindividualsaremorelikelytolieinnegotiations,toendorseunethicalbehavioratworklikestealingcashfromthecashregister,takingbribes,lyingtocustomers.

nowidontmeantosuggestthatitsonlywealthypeoplewhoshowthesepatternsofbehavior.notatall.infact,ithinkthatweall,inourday-to-day,minute-by-minutelives,strugglewiththesecompetingmotivationsofwhen,orif,toputourowninterestsabovetheinterestsofotherpeople.andthatsunderstandablebecausetheamericandreamisanideainwhichweallhaveanequalopportunitytosucceedandprosper,aslongasweapplyourselvesandworkhard,andapieceofthatmeansthatsometimes,youneedtoputyourowninterestsabovetheinterestsandwell-beingofotherpeoplearoundyou.butwhatwerefindingisthat,thewealthieryouare,themorelikelyyouaretopursueavisionofpersonalsuccess,ofachievementandaccomplishment,tothedetrimentofothersaroundyou.hereiveplottedforyouthemeanhouseholdincomereceivedbyeachfifthandtopfivepercentofthepopulationoverthelast20years.in1993,thedifferencesbetweenthedifferentquintilesofthepopulation,intermsofincome,arefairlyegregious.itsnotdifficulttodiscernthattherearedifferences.butoverthelast20years,thatsignificantdifferencehasbecomeagrandcanyonofsortsbetweenthoseatthetopandeveryoneelse.infact,thetop20percentofourpopulationowncloseto90percentofthetotalwealthinthiscountry.wereatunprecedentedlevelsofeconomicinequality.whatthatmeansisthatwealthisnotonlybecomingincreasinglyconcentratedinthehandsofaselectgro