欧洲航海家 英文版.docx
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欧洲航海家英文版
哥伦布
ChristopherColumbus:
ExploreroftheNewWorld
ChristopherColumbus(Italian:
CristoforoColombo,Spanish:
CristóbalColón)-(1451-1506)wasanItaliannavigator,colinizerandexplorerwhosailedacrosstheAtlanticOceanin1492,hopingtofindaroutetoIndia(inordertotradeforspices).HemadeatotaloffourtripstotheCaribbeanandSouthAmericaduringtheyears1492-1504.
TheFirstTrip:
ColumbussailedforKingFerdinandIIandQueenIsabellaofSpain.Onhisfirsttrip,Columbusledanexpeditionwiththreeships,theNiña(captainedbyVicenteYáñezPinzon),thePinta(ownedandcaptainedbyMartinAlonzoPinzon),andtheSantaMaria(captainedbyColumbus),andabout90crewmembers.TheysetsailonAug.3,1492fromPalos,Spain,andonOctober11,1492,spottedtheCaribbeanislandsoffsoutheasternNorthAmerica.TheylandedonanislandtheycalledGuanahani,butColumbuslaterrenameditSanSalvador.TheyweremetbythelocalTainoIndians,manyofwhomwerecapturedbyColumbus'menandlatersoldintoslavery.ColumbusthoughthehadmadeittoAsia,andcalledthisareatheIndies,andcalleditsinhabitantsIndians.
Whileexploringtheislandsintheareaandlookingforgoldtoloot,Columbus'mentraveledtotheislandsofHispaniola(nowdividedintoHaitiandtheDominicanRepublic),Cuba,andmanyothersmallerislands.Onthereturntrip,theSantaMariawaswreckedandthecaptainofthePintasailedoffonhisowntotrytobeatColumbusback.ColumbusreturnedtoSpainintheNina,arrivingonMarch15,1493.
TheSecondTrip:
Onasecond,largerexpedition(Sept.25,1493-June11,1496),sailedwith17shipsand1,200to1,500mentofindgoldandcaptureIndiansasslavesintheIndies.ColumbusestablishedabaseinHispaniolaandsailedaroundHispaniolaandalongthelengthofsouthernCuba.HespottedandnamedtheislandofDominicaonNovember3,1493.
TheThirdTrip:
Onathirdexpedition(May30,1498-October1500),Columbussailedfarthersouth,toTrinidadandVenezuela(includingthemouthoftheOrinocoRiver).ColumbuswasthefirstEuropeansincetheVikingLeifEricssontosetfootonthemainlandofAmerica
TheFourthTrip:
Onhisfourthandlastexpedition(May9,1502-Nov.7,1504),ColumbussailedtoMexico,HondurasandPanama(inCentralAmerica)andSantiago(Jamaica).ColumbusisburiedineasternHispaniola(nowcalledtheDominicanRepublic).
葡萄牙航海家麦哲伦:
FerdinandMagellan(Portuguese:
FernãodeMagalhães,Spanish:
FernandodeMagallanes)(Spring1480–April27,1521,MactanIsland,Cebu,Philippines)wasaPortuguesemaritimeexplorerwho,whileintheserviceoftheSpanishCrown,triedtofindawestwardroutetotheSpiceIslandsofIndonesia.HetherebybecamethefirstpersontoleadanexpeditionacrossthePacificOcean.ThiswasalsothefirstsuccessfulattempttocircumnavigatetheEarthinhistory.Althoughhedidnotcompletetheentirevoyage(hewaskilledduringtheBattleofMactaninthePhilippines),MagellanhadearliertraveledeastwardtotheSpiceIslands,sohebecameoneofthefirstindividualstocrossallofthemeridiansoftheGlobe.
MagellanwasthefirstEuropeantoenterthePacificfromtheeponymousStraitofMagellan,whichhediscovered.HewasalsothefirstEuropeantoreachthearchipelagoofwhatisnowknownasthePhilippines,whichwasunknowntothewesternworldbeforehislanding.Arabtradershadestablishedcommercewithinthearchipelagocenturiesearlier.
Ofthe237menwhosetoutonfiveshipstocircumnavigatetheearth,only18completedthecircumnavigationoftheglobeandmanagedtoreturntoSpainin1522.TheywereledbytheBasquenavigatorJuanSebastiánElcano,whotookovercommandoftheexpeditionafterMagellan'sdeath.SeventeenothermenarrivedlaterinSpain,twelvemencapturedbythePortugueseinCapeVerdesomeweeksearlier,andin1525/1526fivesurvivorsoftheTrinidad.
Originsandfirstvoyage
Magellan,becauseofhisfamily'sheritage,becameapagetoQueenLeonorattheroyalcourtafterthedeathofhisparentsduringhistenthyear.VerylittleisknownaboutMagellan'sbackground.HewasthesonofRuideMagalhães(sonofPedroAfonsodeMagalhãesandwifeQuintadeSousa)andwifeAldadeMesquita,andbrotherofDuartedeSousa,DiogodeSousaandIsabeldeMagalhães,butexactlyhowheisconnectedtotherespectivefamiliesitisunknown.HewasmarriedtoBeatrizBarbosaandhadtwochildren:
RodrigodeMagalhães[3]andCarlosdeMagalhães,bothofwhomdiedatayoungage.
Magellanmadehisfirstknownexpeditionatseaattheageof25in1505,whenhewassenttoIndiatoinstallFranciscodeAlmeidaasthePortugueseviceroy.ThevoyagegaveMagellanhisfirstexperienceofbattlewhenalocalking,whohadpaidtributetoVascodaGamathreeyearsearlier,refusedtopaytributetoAlmeida,whichresultedintheBattleofDiuin1509.Aftertakingleavewithoutpermission,MagellanfelloutoffavourwithAlmeidaandwasalsoaccusedoftradingillegallywiththeMoors.SeveraloftheaccusationsweresubsequentlyprovedandtherewerenofurtheroffersofemploymentafterMay15,1514.Lateronin1515,MagellanhadanemploymentofferasacrewmemberonaPortugueseship,butrejectedthisoffer.
SpanishsearchoftheSpiceIslands
TheaimofChristopherColumbus'voyagetotheWestwastoreachthecoastsoftheSpiceIslands(ortheIndies)andtoestablishcommercialrelationsbetweenSpainandtheseveralAsiankingdoms.TheSpanishsoonrealisedafterColumbus'voyagesthatthelandsoftheAmericaswerenotapartofAsia,butanewcontinent.OnceVascodaGamaandthePortuguesearrivedinIndiain1498,itbecameurgentforSpaintofindanewcommercialroutetoAsia.TheTreatyofTordesillasreservedforPortugaltheroutesthatwentaroundAfrica.TheSpanishCrownthendecidedtosendoutexplorationvoyagesinordertofindawaytoAsiabytravellingwestwards.VascoNúñezdeBalboasailedthePacificOceanin1513,andJuanDíazdeSolísdiedinRíodelaPlatasomeyearslatertryingtofindapassageinSouthAmerica.
WhenMagellanarrivedattheCourtofSpain,hepresentedKingCharlesVwithaplanthatwouldgivetheshipsoftheCrownofCastilefullaccesstothelandsoftheSpiceIslands,afterthatplanfailingtogainapprovalfromthePortugueseking,ManuelI.
Journey
OnAugust10,1519,fiveshipsunderMagellan'scommand–Trinidad,SanAntonio,Concepción,Victoria,andSantiago–leftSevilleandtravelledfromtheGuadalquivirRivertoSanlúcardeBarramedaatthemouthoftheriver,wheretheyremainedmorethanfiveweeks.
SpanishauthoritieswerewaryofMagellan,whowasoriginallyPortuguese.Theyalmostpreventedtheadmiralfromsailing,andswitchedhiscrewfrommostlyPortuguesementomenofSpain.Nevertheless,MagellansetsailfromSanlúcardeBarramedawithabout270menonSeptember20.KingManuelorderedaPortuguesenavaldetachmenttopursueMagellan,butMagellanavoidedthem.AfterstoppingattheCanaryIslands,MagellanarrivedatCapeVerde,wherehesetcourseforCapeSt.AugustineinBrazil.OnNovember27,theexpeditioncrossedtheequator;onDecember6,thecrewsightedSouthAmerica.
Magellan'sshipVictoriaSinceBrazilwasPortugueseterritory,Magellanavoidedit,andonDecember13anchorednearpresent-dayRiodeJaneiro.Therethecrewwasresupplied,butbadconditionscausedthemtodelay.Afterwards,theycontinuedtosailsouthalongSouthAmerica'seastcoast,lookingforthestraitthatMagellanbelievedwouldleadtotheSpiceIslands.ThefleetreachedRíodelaPlataonJanuary10,1520.
OnMarch30,thecrewestablishedasettlementtheycalledPuertoSanJulian.OnApril2,amutinyinvolvingtwoofthefiveshipcaptainsbrokeout,butitwasunsuccessfulbecausemostofthecrewremainedloyal.JuanSebastiánElcanowasoneofthosewhowereforgiven.AntonioPigafetta,anItalianfromVicenzawhopaidtobeontheMagellanvoyage,relatedthatGasparQuesada,thecaptainofConcepcion,wasexecuted;JuandeCartagena,thecaptainofSanAntonio,andapriestnamedPadreSanchezdelaReinawereinsteadmaroonedonthecoast.AnotheraccountstatesthatLuisdeMendoza,thecaptainofVictoria,wasexecutedalongwithQuesada.Reportedlythosekilledweredrawnandquarteredandimpaledonthecoast;yearslater,theirboneswerefoundbySirFrancisDrake.
TheStraitofMage
迪亚士
BartolomeuDias (Portuguesepronunciation:
[baɾtuluˈmewˈdi.ɐʃ];Anglicized:
BartholomewDiaz;c.1451 –29May1500[2]),anoblemanofthePortuguese royalhousehold,wasaPortuguese explorer.HesailedaroundthesouthernmosttipofAfricain1488,reachingthe IndianOcean fromthe Atlantic,thefirstEuropeanknowntohavedoneso.
PurposesoftheDiasexpedition[edit]
BartolomeuDiaswasa Knight oftheroyalcourt,superintendentoftheroyalwarehouses,andsailing-masterofthe man-of-war, SãoCristóvão (SaintChristopher).King JohnIIofPortugal appointedhim,on10October1487,toheadanexpeditiontosailaroundthesoutherntipofAfricainthehopeoffindingatraderoutetoIndia.Diaswasalsochargedwithsearchingforthelandsruledby PresterJohn,whowasafabledChristianpriestandruler.[3]
Theexpedition[edit]
Dias'ship SãoCristóvão waspilotedby PêrodeAlenquer.Asecondcaravel,the SãoPantaleão,wascommandedby JoãoInfante andpilotedby ÁlvaroMartins.Dias'brother PêroDias wasthecaptainofthesquare-riggedsupportshipwithJoãodeSantiagoaspilot.[citationneeded]
Anillustrationofthe SãoCristóvão and SãoPantaleão
TheexpeditionsailedsouthalongthewestcoastofAfrica.ExtraprovisionswerepickeduponthewayatthePortuguese