欧洲航海家 英文版.docx

1、欧洲航海家 英文版哥伦布Christopher Columbus: Explorer of the New WorldChristopher Columbus( Italian:Cristoforo Colombo，Spanish:Cristbal Coln)- (1451-1506) was an Italian navigator,colinizer and explorer who sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492,hoping to find a route to India (in order to trade for spices).

2、 He made a total of four trips to the Caribbean and South America during the years 1492-1504.The First Trip:Columbus sailed for King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain. On his first trip, Columbus led an expedition with three ships, the Nia (captained by Vicente Yez Pinzon), the Pinta (owned a

3、nd captained by Martin Alonzo Pinzon), and the Santa Maria (captained by Columbus), and about 90 crew members. They set sail on Aug. 3, 1492 from Palos, Spain, and on October 11, 1492, spotted the Caribbean islands off southeastern North America. They landed on an island they called Guanahani, but C

4、olumbus later renamed it San Salvador. They were met by the local Taino Indians, many of whom were captured by Columbus men and later sold into slavery. Columbus thought he had made it to Asia, and called this area the Indies, and called its inhabitants Indians.While exploring the islands in the are

5、a and looking for gold to loot, Columbus men traveled to the islands of Hispaniola (now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Cuba, and many other smaller islands. On the return trip, the Santa Maria was wrecked and the captain of the Pinta sailed off on his own to try to beat Columbus bac

6、k. Columbus returned to Spain in the Nina, arriving on March 15, 1493.The Second Trip:On a second, larger expedition (Sept. 25, 1493-June 11, 1496), sailed with 17 ships and 1,200 to 1,500 men to find gold and capture Indians as slaves in the Indies. Columbus established a base in Hispaniola and sai

7、led around Hispaniola and along the length of southern Cuba. He spotted and named the island of Dominica on November 3, 1493.The Third Trip:On a third expedition (May 30, 1498-October 1500), Columbus sailed farther south, to Trinidad and Venezuela (including the mouth of the Orinoco River). Columbus

8、 was the first European since the Viking Leif Ericsson to set foot on the mainland of AmericaThe Fourth Trip:On his fourth and last expedition (May 9, 1502-Nov. 7, 1504), Columbus sailed to Mexico, Honduras and Panama (in Central America) and Santiago (Jamaica). Columbus is buried in eastern Hispani

9、ola (now called the Dominican Republic).葡萄牙航海家麦哲伦：Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese: Ferno de Magalhes, Spanish: Fernando de Magallanes) (Spring 1480 April 27, 1521, Mactan Island, Cebu, Philippines) was a Portuguese maritime explorer who, while in the service of the Spanish Crown, tried to find a west

10、ward route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia. He thereby became the first person to lead an expedition across the Pacific Ocean. This was also the first successful attempt to circumnavigate the Earth in history. Although he did not complete the entire voyage (he was killed during the Battle of Macta

11、n in the Philippines), Magellan had earlier traveled eastward to the Spice Islands, so he became one of the first individuals to cross all of the meridians of the Globe.Magellan was the first European to enter the Pacific from the eponymous Strait of Magellan, which he discovered. He was also the fi

12、rst European to reach the archipelago of what is now known as the Philippines, which was unknown to the western world before his landing. Arab traders had established commerce within the archipelago centuries earlier.Of the 237 men who set out on five ships to circumnavigate the earth, only 18 compl

13、eted the circumnavigation of the globe and managed to return to Spain in 1522.They were led by the Basque navigator Juan Sebastin Elcano, who took over command of the expedition after Magellans death. Seventeen other men arrived later in Spain, twelve men captured by the Portuguese in Cape Verde som

14、e weeks earlier, and in 1525/1526 five survivors of the Trinidad.Origins and first voyageMagellan, because of his familys heritage, became a page to Queen Leonor at the royal court after the death of his parents during his tenth year. Very little is known about Magellans background. He was the son o

15、f Rui de Magalhes (son of Pedro Afonso de Magalhes and wife Quinta de Sousa) and wife Alda de Mesquita, and brother of Duarte de Sousa, Diogo de Sousa and Isabel de Magalhes, but exactly how he is connected to the respective families it is unknown. He was married to Beatriz Barbosa and had two child

16、ren: Rodrigo de Magalhes3 and Carlos de Magalhes, both of whom died at a young age.Magellan made his first known expedition at sea at the age of 25 in 1505, when he was sent to India to install Francisco de Almeida as the Portuguese viceroy. The voyage gave Magellan his first experience of battle wh

17、en a local king, who had paid tribute to Vasco da Gama three years earlier, refused to pay tribute to Almeida, which resulted in the Battle of Diu in 1509. After taking leave without permission, Magellan fell out of favour with Almeida and was also accused of trading illegally with the Moors. Severa

18、l of the accusations were subsequently proved and there were no further offers of employment after May 15, 1514. Later on in 1515, Magellan had an employment offer as a crew member on a Portuguese ship, but rejected this offer.Spanish search of the Spice IslandsThe aim of Christopher Columbus voyage

19、 to the West was to reach the coasts of the Spice Islands (or the Indies) and to establish commercial relations between Spain and the several Asian kingdoms. The Spanish soon realised after Columbus voyages that the lands of the Americas were not a part of Asia, but a new continent. Once Vasco da Ga

20、ma and the Portuguese arrived in India in 1498, it became urgent for Spain to find a new commercial route to Asia. The Treaty of Tordesillas reserved for Portugal the routes that went around Africa. The Spanish Crown then decided to send out exploration voyages in order to find a way to Asia by trav

21、elling westwards. Vasco Nez de Balboa sailed the Pacific Ocean in 1513, and Juan Daz de Sols died in Ro de la Plata some years later trying to find a passage in South America.When Magellan arrived at the Court of Spain, he presented King Charles V with a plan that would give the ships of the Crown o

22、f Castile full access to the lands of the Spice Islands, after that plan failing to gain approval from the Portuguese king, Manuel I.JourneyOn August 10, 1519, five ships under Magellans command Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcin, Victoria, and Santiago left Seville and travelled from the Guadalquivir

23、 River to Sanlcar de Barrameda at the mouth of the river, where they remained more than five weeks.Spanish authorities were wary of Magellan, who was originally Portuguese. They almost prevented the admiral from sailing, and switched his crew from mostly Portuguese men to men of Spain. Nevertheless,

24、 Magellan set sail from Sanlcar de Barrameda with about 270 men on September 20. King Manuel ordered a Portuguese naval detachment to pursue Magellan, but Magellan avoided them. After stopping at the Canary Islands, Magellan arrived at Cape Verde, where he set course for Cape St. Augustine in Brazil

25、. On November 27, the expedition crossed the equator; on December 6, the crew sighted South America.Magellans ship VictoriaSince Brazil was Portuguese territory, Magellan avoided it, and on December 13 anchored near present-day Rio de Janeiro. There the crew was resupplied, but bad conditions caused

26、 them to delay. Afterwards, they continued to sail south along South Americas east coast, looking for the strait that Magellan believed would lead to the Spice Islands. The fleet reached Ro de la Plata on January 10, 1520.On March 30, the crew established a settlement they called Puerto San Julian.

27、On April 2, a mutiny involving two of the five ship captains broke out, but it was unsuccessful because most of the crew remained loyal. Juan Sebastin Elcano was one of those who were forgiven. Antonio Pigafetta, an Italian from Vicenza who paid to be on the Magellan voyage, related that Gaspar Ques

28、ada, the captain of Concepcion, was executed; Juan de Cartagena, the captain of San Antonio, and a priest named Padre Sanchez de la Reina were instead marooned on the coast. Another account states that Luis de Mendoza, the captain of Victoria, was executed along with Quesada. Reportedly those killed

29、 were drawn and quartered and impaled on the coast; years later, their bones were found by Sir Francis Drake.The Strait of Mage迪亚士Bartolomeu Dias(Portuguese pronunciation:batulumew di.; Anglicized:Bartholomew Diaz; c. 1451 29 May 15002), a nobleman of the Portugueseroyal household, was a Portuguesee

30、xplorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching theIndian Oceanfrom theAtlantic, the first European known to have done so.Purposes of the Dias expeditioneditBartolomeu Dias was aKnightof the royal court, superintendent of the royal warehouses, and sailing-master of theman-

31、of-war,So Cristvo(Saint Christopher). KingJohn II of Portugalappointed him, on 10 October 1487, to head an expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa in the hope of finding a trade route to India. Dias was also charged with searching for the lands ruled byPrester John, who was a fabled Chr

32、istian priest and ruler.3The expeditioneditDias shipSo Cristvowas piloted byPro de Alenquer. A second caravel, theSo Pantaleo, was commanded byJoo Infanteand piloted bylvaro Martins. Dias brotherPro Diaswas the captain of the square-rigged support ship with Joo de Santiago as pilot.citation neededAn illustration of theSo CristvoandSo PantaleoThe expedition sailed south along the west coast of Africa. Extra provisions were picked up on the way at the Portuguese