高考阅读高频难词.docx
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高考阅读高频难词
高考阅读理解解题指导及高考阅读高频难词
第一节对阅读理解中生词的理解
一、通过句子结构或句子成分来理解
1、通过定义解释来推测词义。
a.Hisuncleisazoologist,anexpertwhodoesresearchonanimals.
b.HaveyoueverwonderedwhataDegreemightbeworthtoyouinyourjoborcareer?
2、通过对比关系来推测词义,如利用反义词说明生词的意义等。
a.Achild’sbirthdaypartydoesn’thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun,accordingtoBethAnaclerio,anEvastonmotheroftwo,ages4and18months.
Question:
Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hassle”probablymean?
A.apartydesignedbyspecialists
B.aplanrequiringcarefulthought
C.asituationcausingdifficultyortrouble
D.ademandmadebyguests
b.Music,forinstance,wasonceasgroupsexperience…Formanypeoplenow,however,musicisanindividual experience.
3、通过同类关系来推测词义。
a.IneachOlympicGames,medalsofgold,silverandbronzecanallbeawarded.
b.Atforty-twohewasinhisprimeandalwaysfullofenergy.
4、根据生活常识来猜测词义。
a.Mrs.Kreamer,avictimofsmoke,wasunconscious……..
b.Birdsflywiththeirwings,andtheypickuptheirfoods,andtheneatthemwiththeirbeaksandtheyusetheirclawsfortearing,seizing,pullingorholdingobjects.
5、利用文意及逻辑关系来推测词义。
a.Onemistakenideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quitethereverse.Business,politics,lifeitselfaregameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfectinformation.
b.Shewantedthehairdressertotrimherhairabitbecauseitwastoolong.
c.Theriverissoturbidthatitisimpossibletoseethebottomevenwhenitisshallow.
【针对性练习】
请选出画线单词的正确意思。
1.Archaeologyisthestudyoftheburiedremainsofancienttimes,suchashouses,pots,toolsandweapons.
A.地理学B.生态学C.心理学D.考古学
2.Thisstrictofficerisamartinet,apersonwhodemandstotalobedience(服从)torules,disciplineandorders.
A.专制的人B.软弱的人C.强硬的人D.要求严格服从纪律和命令的人
3.ThoughMr.Smithhasbeengeneralmanagerforjust3months,hehasalreadymademuchgreater achievementsthanhispredecessors
.A.上级B.前任C.同事D.下级
4.Thefootballgamewasgettingmoreandmoreexciting,however,theoldladywasstillasdozyassheusuallywas.
A.昏昏欲睡的B.亢奋的C.欣喜若狂的D.麻木的
5.Allhisattemptstounlockthedoorwasfutile,becausehewasusingthewrongkey.
A.成功的B.徒劳的C.有效的D.匆促的
6.Shedidnothearwhatyousaidbecauseshewascompletelyengrossedinherreading.
A.心不在焉的B.紧张的C.全神贯注的D.睡意浓的
7.Oneofsymptomscausedbythepeculiarillnessisahighfever.
A.症状B.疾病C.恐惧D.威胁
8.Inthestrongwind,thebeggarshiveredwiththeterriblecold.
A.流泪B.乞讨C.呻吟D.颤抖
9.Thehottropicalweathercreatedafeelingoflassitudeandencouragedlaziness.
A.兴奋B.厌恶C.清醒D.疲倦
10.Toquiteagreatmanypeople,moneyisanirresistibletemptation(诱惑).
A.不可抗拒的B.可抗拒的C.接受的D.不可接受的
二、通过构词法知识来理解
复合法,派生法和转化法。
而派生是很重要的一种方法,它是由词根,前缀,后缀所组成。
词根是单词最重要的部分,表达单词的基本含义,在词根前或后加上前缀和后缀,可以用来引申或转变原词的意思。
只要我们掌握了各种词根、前缀、后缀等基本含义,那么就可以很容易地猜测出所构成的新词的含义了。
利用构词法知识猜词义我们可以用下面的一些方法:
1.利用派生法知识猜派生词词义。
a.Carrentalsarebecomingmoreandmorepopularasaninexpensivewayoftakingtotheroads.
b.Thepopularityoftheiglooisbeyonddoubt.
2.利用合成法知识猜测合成词词义。
a.“Evenwhenamanissaidtobeabestfriend,”Rubinwrites,“thetwosharealittle abouttheirinnermostfeeling.”
b.ThecolorsofHawaiiinsummerareunforgettable.
3.要求猜测熟词新含义。
a.Themajormarketforcerestsinthegrowingpopulationofwhitecollaremployees,whocanofferthenewservice.
b.“Itwasthebestnightwehadeverhad”saidsaidAngelaCarraro,whorunsanItalianrestaurant.
4.要求猜测词性变换新词含义。
a.Thehotsunhadcausedthedough(面团)todoubleinsize…
b.Whenmenandwomenlivedhunting50,000yearsago,howcouldtheyevenbegintopicture modernlife?
【针对性练习】 根据构词法,猜测下面画线单词的意思。
1.Manyfactorieswereclosed,somenfacedunemployment
2.Theyhad,Iknow,someundesirable friends.
3.Theboytookahandfulofchocolatesbeforehewenttoschool.
4.Weseektosatisfyequalityofpayformenandwomen.
5.Studentsshouldnotdisobeytherulesoftheirschool.
6.Wefavoranearlystartinthetrainingofperformingarts.
7.Wefoughthardtooverthrow thepolicy.
8.Canyouforeseewhatwillhappentomorrow.
9.Themanmadeanadmissionthathewasaspy.
10.Heisveryknowledgeableaboutwires.
第二节对阅读理解中长难句的理解
一、长句成分分析法
(1)找准主干,关键是主句的主谓结构,方法是先将句子的修饰成分(名词性从句、定语从句、状 语从句和非谓语动词)去掉,露出主句的真面貌,然后再分析修饰部分和主句的关系。
另外在一个长句中可能会出现若干个从句,如果把整个的长句从头到尾理解透,势必很难。
如果把各个从句剔出来单独 理解,再把大意拼凑起来,构成整个长句的意思,就可降低长句的理解难度。
(2)理清逻辑和思路。
一 些长句其实就是一个由主句和若干个从句组成的一个多层次的主从复合句,因而一定要搞清主句和从句 之间的逻辑关系。
只要把逻辑关系搞清楚了,把主句的意思和从句的意思按逻辑意义进行理解,则长难 句就好对付了。
平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语,常见的有,表目的:
sothat,forthepurposethat,inorderthat等;表结果:
so…that,such…that,that…,asaresult,therefore,thus等;表条件:
if,onconditionthat,unless等;表原因:
because,since,as等。
(3)把握关键词。
如果对一个长难句子一点感觉也没有,下下之策就是别把长、难句当句子看,只要能大体理解句中的关键词,也可以大体猜出了这个句子的意思。
例如:
【例1】ItisdifficulttomeasurethequantityofpaperusedasaresultofuseofInternet-connectedcomputers,althoughjustaboutanyonewhoworksinanofficecantellyouthatwhene-mailisintroduced,theprintersstartworkingovertime.
【例2】Whereasawoman’sclosestfemalefriendmightbethefirsttotellhertoleaveafailingmarriage,itwasn’tunusualtohearamansayhedidn’tknowhisfriend’smarriagewasinserioustroubleuntilheappearedonenightaskingifhecouldsleeponasofa.
【针对性练习】
1.Theywanttokeepyouundertheirprotectionaslongastheycan,andsincetheycan,andsincetheyhavealwaysgivenyouextraspecialcare,theyareafraidyouwon’tmakeitwithouttheirsupport.
2.ItwasalmostimpossibleforanIndiantogainevenafaireducationandextremelydifficult,asaresult,foranIndiantorisehighinlife.
3.Beingveryshortofmoneyandwantingtodosomethinguseful,Iapplied,fearingasIdidso,thatwithoutadegreeandwithnoexperienceinteachingmychancesofgettingthejobwereslim.
二、抓住核心简化长句
如果句子很长,就要对句子进行结构分析。
一般来说,一个长句如果是由几个并列、转折、递进、对比关系的分句组成,句中往往有表示这些分句关系的连接词,只要能搞清分句和分句之间的逻辑关系,把各层分句的意思加以连贯就构成了长句的句意。
使用这一个方法,我们就会很快的把握句子的意思,这对我们完成试题是很有帮助作用的。
在长句理解的过程中,教会学生划分意群。
首先让学生划分意群,即先找出句子的主干:
主语、谓语和宾语,这些是句子的核心所在。
然后再找句子的修饰成分:
同位语、定语、主语补足语、宾语补足语和状语。
这样,把一个个复杂的长句分解为一个个相对简单的意群,这 样符合由简入繁,由易入难的记忆和学习规律,能有效地消除学生对长句的畏惧心理,从而为解答阅读理解提供一把万能的金钥匙。
【例1】IamalwaysamazedwhenIhearpeoplesayingthatsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenations,andthatifonlythecommonpeoplesoftheworldcouldmeetoneanotheratfootballorcricket,theywouldhavenoinclinationtomeetonthebattlefield.
另外,在英语语言中,平行并列结构占有相当大的比例。
由于这种结构组成的方式不同,或其它句 子成分的介入,或多重并列平行的存在,往往使读者在阅读时不易分辩清楚,找不到句子的主干,进而形成阅读理解的障碍。
并列平行结构中多有一些关联词语如and,or,but,notonly…butalso,both…and,either…or,neither…nor等;或标点符号如分号、逗号、破折号等信息标志,把若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的句子连在一起以表达一个复杂的多层次的含义。
【针对性练习】(翻译下面的句子,并对句子进行分析)
1.Myfriends,havingseentherecorderbeforethemturnedoff,paidnoattentiontothemicrophonesafewinchesfromtheirmouths,thusgivingexcellentsoundquality.
2.Andalthoughyoumaynotlikeitifshechoosesyourdoorwayasherplacetosleepinthenight,itisasnormallyhardtoturnherawayasitisalostdog.
3Hedidnotbelievenorreject(排斥)anythingbecauseanyotherpersonhadbelievedorrejectedit.
第三节对阅读理解中段落的理解
【例1】
Weallknowthatcigarettesmokingisadangeroushabitbecauseitcauseshealthproblems.Doctorssayitcanbeadirectcauseofcancerofthelungsandthroatandcanalsocontributetocancerofotherorgans.Inaddition,itcanbringaboutotherhealthproblemssuchasheartandlungdiseases.Itisclearlyidentifiedasoneofthechiefcausesofdeathinoursociety.
【例2】
Theneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore.Aboutathousandspeciesofanimalsareindangerofextinction,andtherateatwhichtheyarebeingdestroyedhasincreased.Withmammals,forinstance,therateofextinctionisnowaboutonespecieseveryyear;fromAD1to1800,theratewasaboutonespecies
everyfiftyyears.Everywhere,menaretryingtosolvetheproblemofpreservingwildlifewhilecaringatthesametimefortheworld’sgrowingpopulation.
【例3】
Trouble,trouble,trouble!
Firstitwasthetires!
Idiscoveredtwoofthemcompletelywornoutafteronlyoneyear’suse.Afterreplacingthetires,thebrakeswentbad.Therewent$150!
JustwhenIthoughteverythingwas
workingfine,theengineboiledoverasIsatinalonglineatthetoll(过桥收费处)bridge.
【针对性练习】(请指出下面句子的主题句)
1.Birdsusemanydifferentmaterialstobuildnests.Somebirdsusebitsofgrass.Thetailor-birdofAfricaandIndiausesgrasstosewleavestogether.Otherbirdsfindtwigsandpebblesuseful.
2.Butnomatterwhatitiscalled,allpolyesterhascertaingoodpoints.Itdoesnotwrinkleeasily.Itdriesquicklyafteritiswashed.Itholdsitsshape.Itisstrongandkeepsitscolorswell.
3.Blackisthecolorofmourning.Redsymbolizesdanger,violence,orbloodshed.Ifyouareafraid,youareyellow.NoneofthesesayingsistrueoutsidetheEnglishspeakingworld.InChinaandKorea,whiteisthecolorofmourning.InRussiaredstandsforbeautyandlife.InItalyandGermanyyouareyellowwithanger,notwithfear.
4.Ourchiefsourceoffreshwaterisrainfallthatcollectsinlakes,rivers,andreservoirs.Recently,however,wehavediscoveredanewsource,aquifers,whicharerockformationscontainingwater.Evenunderdeserts,vastaquifersmaybewaitingtobetapped.CompaniesdrillingforoilintheMiddleEasthavesometimesstruckaquifers,whichprovideunexpectedwatersupplies