现代语言学所出名词解释.docx

现代语言学所出名词解释.docx

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现代语言学所出名词解释

1）.Ling

2）.uistics:

Itisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

3）.Generallinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguageasawholeiscalledgenerallinguistics.

4）.Appliedlinguistics:

Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.

5）.Synchronicstudy:

Thestudyofalanguageatsomepointintime..AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisasynchronicstudy.

6）.Diachronicstudy:

Thestudyofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime..astudyofthechangesEnglishhasundergonesinceShakespeare’stimeisadiachronicstudy.

7）.Languagecompetence:

Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Atransformational-generativegrammar（转化生成语法）isamodeloflanguagecompetence.

8）.Languageperformance:

performanceistheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication.

9）.Langue:

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently.

10）.Parole:

Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.

11）.Language:

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

12）.Arbitrariness:

Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.

13）.Productivity:

Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

14）.Duality:

Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsatthelowerorbasiclevel,andtheotherofmeaningsatthehigherlevel.

15）.Displacement:

languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.

16）.Culturaltransmission:

Whilewearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.

17）.Designfeatures:

Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication

18）.phonetics:

Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages

19）.auditoryphonetics:

Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer’spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.

20）.acousticphonetics:

Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.

21）.internationalphoneticalphabet[IPA]:

Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.

22）.Broadtranscription:

thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly,.oneletter-symbolforonesound.Thisisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooks.

23）.Narrowtranscription:

isthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.Thisisthetranscriptionusedbythephoneticiansintheirstudyofspeechsounds.

24）.diacritics:

isasetofsymbolswhichcanbeaddedtotheletter-symbolstomakefinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonemakepossible.

25）.Voiceless（清音）:

whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.

26）.Voicing（辅音）:

Soundsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.

27）.Vowel:

thesoundsinproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.

28）.Consonants:

thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsonants.

29）.phonology:

Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

30）.phone:

Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.

31）.phoneme:

acollectionofabstractphoneticfeatures,itisabasicunitinphonology.Itisrepresentedorrealizedasacertainphonebyacertainphoneticcontext.

32）.allophone:

Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.Forexample[l]and[l]

33）.phonemiccontrast:

Phonemiccontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophonemes.Iftwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning,theyareinphonemiccontrast.

34）.minimalpair:

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.Forexample:

binandpin.

35）.Suprasegmentalfeatures:

thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.Themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,toneandintonation.

36）.tone:

Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.Themeaning-distinctivefunctionothetoneisespeciallyimportantintonelanguages,forexample,inChinese.

37）.intonation:

Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Forexample,Englishhasfourbasictypesofintonation:

thefallingtone,therisingtone,thefaMorphology:

Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Itisdividedintotwosub-branches:

inflectionalmorphologyandlexicalorderivationalmorphology.

38）.Inflectionalmorphology:

Theinflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflections

39）.Derivationalmorphology:

Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.

40）.Morpheme:

Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Forexample:

theword“boyish”consistsoftwomorphemes:

“boy”and“ish”.

41）.Freemorpheme:

Freemorphemesarethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.Forexample:

“help”,“table”,“room”areallfreemorphemes.

42）.Boundmorpheme:

Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.Forexample:

“-er”,“dis-“,“-less”areallboundmorphemes.

43）.Root:

Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.Forexample:

theroot“geo-“combineswithanotherroot“-ology”,wegettheword“geology”.

44）.Affix:

morphemesmanifestingvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.Affixesareoftwotypes:

inflectionalandderivational.Inflectionalaffixesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategories,suchas“-ing”,“-est”,whilederivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword,suchas“-ly”,“dis-“,“un-“.

45）.Inflection（屈折）:

themanifestationofvariousgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.

46）.Prefix:

Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofaword.Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,buttheyusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.

47）.Suffix:

Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.

48）.Stem:

Astemistheexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.Astemcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformhimself.

49）.Derivation:

Derivationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichderivativeaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.

50）.Compounding:

Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.

51）.syntax:

Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Itconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.

52）.hierarchicalstructure（层次结构）:

thesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNPandVP.

53）.syntacticcategory:

Apartfromsentencesandclauses,asyntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoaword（calledalexicalcategory）oraphrase（calledaphrasalcategory）thatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction,suchasthesubjectorobjectinasentence.Constituentsthatcan