How to write an introduction.docx

How to write an introduction.docx

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Howtowriteanintroduction

（承接前面的what）

Therefutationparagraphstypicallyhave:

（若这部分出现在前边，则只需说一下即可，不用PPT）

●IntroducetheOpposingArgument

●Acknowledgepartsoftheoppositionthatarevalid

●CountertheArgument

●IntroducetheConclusion

Howtowriteanintroduction

Yourintroductionshould:

●Thebackgroundisappropriate.Thismayconsistofabriefhistoryofrelatedpastevents,asummaryofothers’opinions,orareviewofthebasicfacts.

●Thethesisstatementisrequired.Thisinformsthereaderofyouropinionregardingthematterunderdiscussionandpreviewsyourplanofdevelopment.

1.Providenecessarybackgroundinformation

a）Whythereisacontroversyoverit

b）Howdifferentopinionscameabout

c）Whoisonwhatside

d）Whattheclaimsofeachsideare

e）Whyanyonecares

Youshouldalsodefinewordsthatyourreadersdon’tknow,orwordsthatusuallygeneral,butyouuseinaspecificway,orwordsthatareeasilymisunderstoodinmeaning.

2.Becharming

Youcanwintheattentionandgoodwillofyourreadersbytellinganinterestingstory,quotingawell-phrasedcommentontheissue.Youshouldavoidpomposity（自负）andshowconcernforyourreaders.Youshouldpresentyourselfasfair-mindedandgood-natured.（比如最近闹得沸沸扬扬的复旦投毒案，引起读者兴趣）

Beginwithsignalwordswhichalertthereadertothefactthattheideasyouarepresentingarenotyours.

●“Whilesomesupportersclaim…”

●“Whilethoseopposedto…argue…”

●“Itmaybetruethat…”

ExampleIntroductoryParagraph:

Therehasbeenmuchdiscussionabouttheuseofnuclearpowereversincethefirstreactorwasbuilt.Peoplewhosupportnuclearpowerthinkthatitprovidesacheapandeffectivemeansofsupplyingenergyneeds.However,inrealityitisnotcheapatallandthedangersarewell-knownaftertheaccidentsatChernobylandThreeMileIsland.Thefactisthatnuclearpowerisatried,testedandfailedtechnology.Becauseofitscost,riskandalternatives,thebuildingofnuclearreactorsshouldnotcontinue.

Example2:

Itmaybetruethatallsuchrequests,inwhichdyingpatientsaskdoctorstohelpthemtokillthemselves,comefromdepressionassomepsychologistshaveclaimedandthatsomepatientswillchangetheirmindsiftheyparticipateinpsychotherapy.

Example3:

“ArenativeEnglishspeakersthebestEnglishteachers?

”

（如果是反驳No的）Therefutationparagraphmightbegin:

“Thosewhodonotthinkthatnativespeakersarethebestteachersclaimthatanyonewhohaslearnedalanguageasachildcannotunderstandthedifficultiesinlearningit.Nativespeakersmayknowhowtospeakthelanguage,buttheydonotunderstandthegrammarverywell.However…”——followedbyreasonsnottobeswayedbythisargumentcompletewithsupportingdetailsandexplanationsasneeded.

（如果是反驳Yes的）Therefutationparagraphmightbegin:

“SomesupportersofthenotionthatnativespeakersarethebestEnglishteachersclaimthatmostfluentandnaturaluseoflanguagecanbeprovidedasmodelforlearners.Thismaybetrue,butinterestandpassionforteachingshouldbetakenintothefirstaccount…”

Example4:

Somepeopleclaimedthatthereisnorealalternativetoanewgenerationofnuclearreactors.However,combinedheatandpowerunits,whichgenerateelectricity,arealreadyeconomicalforlargehousesorblocksofflatsandsmallerunitswillbeonthemarketnextyear.Localgenerationofelectricityeliminatestheenormouslossesofwastedheatinelectricitygenerationbyfossilfuelsornuclearreactors.Windturbinesandsolarcellsontheroofcanalsoprovidehomesolutionsandwillbecomemoreeconomicalascostscomedownwithmassproduction.

a）Introducethecounter-argument.Helpfulphrase:

●Therearepeoplewhobelieve…andtheymaythinkthat…

●Thewriterstatesthat…

●Somepeoplemayfeelthat…

●Supportersof[thisissue]claimthat…

●Opponentsof[thisissue]insistthat…

●Noteveryoneagreeswiththisview,somewouldargue…

●Thereareothersidestothisdebate,includingtheperspectivethat…

●Ontheotherhand,…

b）Afterwards,comebacktoyourownargument.Herearesomephrasesyoucanuse

●However,Ithinkthatitismoreimportanttoconsider…because… 

●Despitethesearguments,Istillthink…because 

●Thewriter’spointhassomevalidity,but… 

●Itistruethat…;however,… 

●Somepeoplemayfeelthat…,butIdisagreebecause…

●Ibelieve,incontrast,that…

●Nevertheless,itisarguedthat…

●Nevertheless,somecriticsargue,…