高英 RHETORIC.docx

高英 RHETORIC.docx

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高英RHETORIC

第一课RHETORIC

　　tenor（subject）:

theconcept,object,orpersonmeantinametaphor

　　vehicle（reference）:

amediumthroughwhichsomethingisexpressed,achieved,ordisplayed

　　Simile:

Asimilemakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikethingshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.Thetwothingscomparedmustbedissimilarandthebasisofresemblanceisusuallyanabstractquality.Thevehicleisalmostalwaysintroducedbytheword"like"or"as".

Self-criticismisasnecessarytousasairorwater.

Thewaterlaygreyandwrinkledlikeanelephant'sskin.

Myverythoughtswereliketheghostlyrustleofdeadleaves.

Thebuswentasslowlyasasnail.

Hereyeswerejetblack,andherhairwaslikeawaterfall.

Thecomparisonispurelyimaginative,thatis,theresemblancebetweenthetwounlikethingsinthatoneparticularaspectexistsonlyinourminds,andnotinthenatureofthethingsthemselves.

Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.

　　Metaphor:

Ametaphor,likeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikethings,butthecomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Somesayitthesubstitutionofonethingforanother,ortheidentificationoftwothingsfromdifferentrangesofthought.Contrarytoasimileinwhichtheresemblancebetweentwounlikethingsisclearlystated,inametaphornothingismentioned.Itisoftenlooselydefinedas"animpliedcomparison","asimilewithout'like'or'as'".

Metaphorisconsideredthemostimportantandbasicpoeticfigureandalsothecommonestthemostbeautiful.

Snowclothestheground.

Thetownwasstormedafteralongsiege.

Boysandgirls,tumblinginthestreetsandplaying,weremovingjewels.

　　Metaphor:

darkcavern,fairyland,maze,honeycomb,etc

formacloselyknitguild...

　　Simile:

avastsombrecavernofaroom

　　Onomatopoeia:

creak,squeak,rumble,grunt,sigh,groan,etc.

tinkling,banging,clashing

　　Personification:

TheMiddleEasterbazaartakesyou...

dancingflashes

Thebeamsinks…tautandprotesting

　　Hyperbole:

takesyou...hundredseventhousandsofyears

everyconceivable,innumerablelamps,incrediblyyoung,withthedustofcenturies

Onomatopoeia:

　　creak:

（tomake）thesoundofabadly-oileddoorwhenitopens

Whenyoumoveinawoodenbed,itcreaks.

Thehingeofthedoorneedsoiling,itcreakseverytimeitisopened.

　　squeak:

（tomake）ashortveryhighbutnotloudsound

thesqueakofamouse

　　rumble:

（tomake）adeepcontinuousrollingsound

Thethunder/thebiggunsrumbledinthedistance.

Iamhungry,mystomachisrumbling.

　　grunt:

（ofcertainanimals,tomake）shortdeeproughsoundsinthethroat,asifthenosewereclosed,suchasthedeepshortsoundcharacteristicofahog,oramanmakingasimilarsoundexpressingdisagreement,boredom,irritation

　　sigh:

（toletout）adeepbreathslowlyandwithasound,usu.expressingtiredness,sadness,orsatisfactionWeallheavedasighofreliefwhentheworkwasdone.

　　groan:

（tomake）asoundcausedbythemovementofwoodormetalpartsheavilyloaded,（tomake）adeepsoundforcedoutbypain,orexpressingdespair

Thepatientgroanedashewasliftedontothestretcher.

Theancientchairgaveagroanwhenthefatwomansatdownonit.

Theroofcreakedandgroanedundertheweightofthesnow.

第5课RHETORIC

Simile:

acomparisonbetweentwounlikethingshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.

tenor:

thesubjectofthecomparison

Vehicle:

theimageofwhichthisideaisconveyed

Thevehicleisalmostalwaysintroducedbytheword"like"or"as".

Thebus（tenor）wentasslowlysimilarityasasnail（vehicle）.

Thewaterlaygreyandwrinkledlikeanelephant'sskin.

Hereyeswerejetblack,andherhairwaslikeawaterfall.

Metaphor:

acomparisonbetweentwounlikethings,butthecomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Contrarytoasimileinwhichtheresemblancebetweentwounlikethingsisclearlystated,inametaphornothingismentioned.

TheessentialformofametaphorisXisY,andallformsofmetaphorcanbecondensedintothisform.

Snowclothestheground.

Snow（X---tenor）isclothe（Y---vehicle）.

Boysandgirls,tumblinginthestreetsandplaying,weremovingjewels.

Boy（X---tenor）isjewel（Y---vehicle）.

Theshipploughedthesea.

Ship（X---tenor）isplough（Y---vehicle）

Metaphor:

Theywillberoundedupinhordes.

IseeRussiansoldiersstandingonthethreshold...

Meansofexistenceiswrungfromthesoil...

Metaphor:

cataractofhorrors

ridtheearthofhisshadow...liberatepeoplefromhisyoke

Thescenewillbeclearforthefinalact.

Alliteration:

dull,drilled,docile...

forhishearthandhome

withitsclanking,heel-clicking...

Assonance:

theuseofthesameorrelated,vowelsoundsinsuccessivewords

clanking,heel-clicking,…

cowingandtying...ploddingonlikecrawlinglocusts,...smartingfrommanyaBritishwhipping...

easierandsaferprey

Repetition:

Wehavebutoneaimandonesinglepurpose

nothingwillturnus---nothing

Wewillneverparley,wewillnevernegotiate...

Thisisourpolicyandthisisourdeclaration

asweshallfaithfullyandsteadfastly

Parallelism:

Thepast,withitscrimes,

itsfollies,

anditstragedies...

Isee,...Isee...

thereturnofthebread-winner,

oftheirchampion,

oftheirprotector

Weshallfighthimbyland,

weshallfighthimbysea,

weshallfighthimintheair

Anymanorstate...

Anymanorstate...

Letus...

Letus...

Nounphrases:

Ihadnottheslightestdoubtwhere...

Withgreatrapidityandviolence

Periodicsentences:

WhenIawokeon...invasionofRussia.

IfHitlerimaginesthat...woefullymistaken.

第9课Structuralandstylisticanalysis

Part1:

（thefirstpara.）

Introduction

Thefirstparagraphservesasanintroductionofthewholetext.ItprovidesangeneralappraisalofMarkTwain,thefatherofHackandTom,thenation'sbest-lovedauthor,andthegoodnewsandbadnews.

Theauthoradoptedsomerhetoricaldevicestoillustrate

thepicture,andalsosomeveryemphaticadjectives,adverbs,suchaseternal,endless,everybit,profound,etc.

Thefirstparagraphishighlyconclusive.

Part2:

（Trampprinter...renewouredges）

Section1.（Trampprinter...thesettledUnitedStates）

thesetting,backgroundknowledge

Section2.（YoungMark...thatinventedretreating）

earlyyearsoflifeontheMississippiandasaConfederateguerrilla

Section3.（Hewentwest...best-seller.）

Onhiswaytosuccess.

Section4.（Attheage...renewouredges.）

Commentonhisbestworks.

Part3:

（Personaltragedy...forgetthemforever.）

Personaltragedyandconclusion.

Devicesoffiguration

Metaphor:

MarkTwain---MirrorofAmerica

sawclearlyaheadablackwallofnight...

mainarteryoftransportationintheyoungnation'sheart

thevastbasindrainedthree-quartersofthesettledUnitedStates

Allwouldresurfaceinhisbooks...thathesoakedup...

Steamboatdecksteemed...maincurrentof...butitsflotsam

Whenrailroadsbegandryingupthedemand...

...theepidemicofgoldandsilverfever...

Twainbegandigginghiswaytoregionalfame...

MarkTwainhonedandexperimentedwithhisnewwritingmuscles...

...tookunholyverbalshots...

Simile:

MostAmericanrememberM.T.asthefatherof...

...amemorythatseemedphonographic

Hyperbole:

...cruisethrougheternalboyhoodand...endlesssummeroffreedom...

Thecastofcharacters...-acosmos.

Parallelism:

MostAmericansremember...thefatherofHuckFinn'sidylliccruisethrougheternalboyhoodandTomSawyer'sendlesssummeroffreedomandadventure.

Personification:

lifedealthimprofoundpersonaltragedies...

theriverhadacquaintedhimwith...

...toliterature'senduringgratitude...

...anentrythatwilldeterminehiscourseforever...

thegraveworldsmilesasusual...

Bitternessfedontheman...

Americalaughedwithhim.

Personaltragedyhauntedhisentirelife.

Antithesis:

...betweenwhatpeopleclaimtobeandwhattheyreallyare...

...tookunholyverbalshotsattheHolyLand...

...aworldwhichwilllamentthemadayandforgetthemforever

Euphemism:

...men'sfinalreleasefromearthlystruggle

Alliteration:

...theslow,sleepy,sluggish-brainedslothsstayedathome

...withadashanddaring...

...arecklessnessofcostorconsequences...

Metonymy:

...hispenwouldprovemightierthanhispickaxe

Synecdoche

Keelboats,...carriedthefirstmajorcommerce

第10课RHETORIC

Metaphor:

　　Noone,...thatmaycasewouldsnowballinto...

　　...ourtown...hadtakenonacircusatmosphere.

　　Thestreet...sproutedwith...

　　Hethunderedinhissonorousorgantones.

　　...championhadnotscorchedtheinfidels...

…afterthepreliminarysparringoverlegalities…

Simile:

　　...sweptthearenalikeaprairiefire

　　...apalmfanlikeasword...

　　Metonymy

　　...tomorrowthemagazines,thebooks,thenewspapers...

　　TheChristianbelievesthatmancamefromabove....below.

Hyperbole:

　　Thetrialthatrockedtheworld

　　Ridicule:

　　Bryan,ageingandpaunchy,wasassisted...

　　Bryanmoppedhisbalddomeinsilence.

Sarcasm:

　　Thereissomedoubtaboutthat.

　　Transferredepithet

　　Darrowhadwhisperthrowingareassuringarmroundmyshoulder.

　　Antithesis

　　TheChristianbelievesthatmancamefromabove.Theevolutionistbelievesthathemusthavecomefrombelow.

Assonance:

　　whenbigotslightedfaggotstoburn...

Repetition:

　　Thetruthalwayswins...thetruth...thetruth...

Pun:

　　Darwinisright---inside.

　　Apunisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.