高英 RHETORIC.docx

1、高英 RHETORIC第一课 RHETORICtenor (subject): the concept, object, or person meant in a metaphorvehicle (reference): a medium through which something is expressed, achieved, or displayedSimile: A simile makes a comparison between two unlike things having at least one quality or characteristic in common. T

2、he two things compared must be dissimilar and the basis of resemblance is usually an abstract quality. The vehicle is almost always introduced by the word like or as.Self-criticism is as necessary to us as air or water.The water lay grey and wrinkled like an elephants skin.My very thoughts were like

3、 the ghostly rustle of dead leaves.The bus went as slowly as a snail.Her eyes were jet black, and her hair was like a waterfall.The comparison is purely imaginative, that is, the resemblance between the two unlike things in that one particular aspect exists only in our minds, and not in the nature o

4、f the things themselves.As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. Metaphor: A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike things, but the comparison is implied rather than stated. Some say it the substitution of one thing for another, or the identi

5、fication of two things from different ranges of thought. Contrary to a simile in which the resemblance between two unlike things is clearly stated, in a metaphor nothing is mentioned. It is often loosely defined as an implied comparison, a simile without like or as.Metaphor is considered the most im

6、portant and basic poetic figure and also the commonest the most beautiful.Snow clothes the ground.The town was stormed after a long siege.Boys and girls, tumbling in the streets and playing, were moving jewels.Metaphor:dark cavern, fairyland, maze, honeycomb, etcform a closely knit guild. Simile:a v

7、ast sombre cavern of a roomOnomatopoeia:creak, squeak, rumble, grunt, sigh, groan, etc.tinkling, banging, clashingPersonification:The Middle Easter bazaar takes you.dancing flashesThe beam sinkstaut and protestingHyperbole:takes you .hundreds even thousands of yearsevery conceivable, innumerable lam

8、ps, incredibly young, with the dust of centuriesOnomatopoeia:creak: (to make) the sound of a badly-oiled door when it opens When you move in a wooden bed, it creaks.The hinge of the door needs oiling, it creaks every time it is opened.squeak:(to make) a short very high but not loud soundthe squeak o

9、f a mouserumble:(to make) a deep continuous rolling soundThe thunder / the big guns rumbled in the distance.I am hungry, my stomach is rumbling.grunt:(of certain animals, to make) short deep rough sounds in the throat, as if the nose were closed, such as the deep short sound characteristic of a hog,

10、 or a man making a similar sound expressing disagreement, boredom, irritationsigh: (to let out) a deep breath slowly and with a sound, usu. expressing tiredness, sadness, or satisfaction We all heaved a sigh of relief when the work was done.groan: (to make) a sound caused by the movement of wood or

11、metal parts heavily loaded, (to make) a deep sound forced out by pain, or expressing despairThe patient groaned as he was lifted on to the stretcher.The ancient chair gave a groan when the fat woman sat down on it.The roof creaked and groaned under the weight of the snow.第5课RHETORICSimile: a compari

12、son between two unlike things having at least one quality or characteristic in common. tenor: the subject of the comparisonVehicle: the image of which this idea is conveyed The vehicle is almost always introduced by the word like or as.The bus (tenor) went as slowly similarity as a snail (vehicle).T

13、he water lay grey and wrinkled like an elephants skin.Her eyes were jet black, and her hair was like a waterfall. Metaphor: a comparison between two unlike things, but the comparison is implied rather than stated. Contrary to a simile in which the resemblance between two unlike things is clearly sta

14、ted, in a metaphor nothing is mentioned.The essential form of a metaphor is X is Y, and all forms of metaphor can be condensed into this form.Snow clothes the ground.Snow (X-tenor) is clothe (Y-vehicle).Boys and girls, tumbling in the streets and playing, were moving jewels.Boy (X-tenor) is jewel (Y

15、-vehicle) .The ship ploughed the sea.Ship (X - tenor) is plough (Y -vehicle)Metaphor: They will be rounded up in hordes.I see Russian soldiers standing on the threshold.Means of existence is wrung from the soil. Metaphor: cataract of horrorsrid the earth of his shadow.liberate people from his yokeTh

16、e scene will be clear for the final act.Alliteration: dull, drilled, docile.for his hearth and homewith its clanking, heel-clicking.Assonance: the use of the same or related, vowel sounds in successive wordsclanking, heel-clicking,cowing and tying .plodding on like crawling locusts, .smarting from m

17、any a British whipping.easier and safer preyRepetition: We have but one aim and one single purposenothing will turn us-nothingWe will never parley, we will never negotiate.This is our policy and this is our declarationas we shall faithfully and steadfastlyParallelism: The past, with its crimes,its f

18、ollies, and its tragedies.I see,.I see.the return of the bread-winner,of their champion, of their protector We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the airAny man or state. Any man or state.Let us. Let us.Noun phrases: I had not the slightest doubt where .With gr

19、eat rapidity and violencePeriodic sentences: When I awoke on.invasion of Russia.If Hitler imagines that. woefully mistaken.第9课 Structural and stylistic analysisPart 1: (the first para.)IntroductionThe first paragraph serves as an introduction of the whole text. It provides an general appraisal of Ma

20、rk Twain, the father of Hack and Tom, the nations best-loved author, and the good news and bad news.The author adopted some rhetorical devices to illustratethe picture, and also some very emphatic adjectives, adverbs, such as eternal, endless, every bit, profound, etc.The first paragraph is highly c

21、onclusive.Part 2: (Tramp printer.renew our edges)Section 1. (Tramp printer. the settled United States)the setting, background knowledgeSection 2. (Young Mark.that invented retreating)early years of life on the Mississippi and as a Confederate guerrillaSection 3. (He went west.best-seller.) On his wa

22、y to success.Section 4. (At the age.renew our edges.)Comment on his best works.Part 3: (Personal tragedy.forget them forever.)Personal tragedy and conclusion.Devices of figurationMetaphor: Mark Twain - Mirror of Americasaw clearly ahead a black wall of night.main artery of transportation in the youn

23、g nations heartthe vast basin drained three-quarters of the settled United States All would resurface in his books.that he soaked up.Steamboat decks teemed.main current of.but its flotsamWhen railroads began drying up the demand.the epidemic of gold and silver fever.Twain began digging his way to re

24、gional fame.Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles.took unholy verbal shots. Simile:Most American remember M. T. as the father of.a memory that seemed phonographicHyperbole:.cruise through eternal boyhood and .endless summer of freedom.The cast of characters. - a cosmos.Paral

25、lelism:Most Americans remember . the father of Huck Finns idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyers endless summer of freedom and adventure.Personification:life dealt him profound personal tragedies.the river had acquainted him with .to literatures enduring gratitude.an entry that will

26、determine his course forever.the grave world smiles as usual.Bitterness fed on the man.America laughed with him.Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.Antithesis:.between what people claim to be and what they really are.took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land.a world which will lament them a day

27、 and forget them foreverEuphemism:.mens final release from earthly struggle Alliteration:.the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home.with a dash and daring.a recklessness of cost or consequences.Metonymy:.his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxeSynecdocheKeelboats,.carried the fir

28、st major commerce第10课 RHETORICMetaphor:No one,. that may case would snowball into. .our town .had taken on a circus atmosphere.The street .sprouted with .He thundered in his sonorous organ tones.champion had not scorched the infidels.after the preliminary sparring over legalitiesSimile:.swept the ar

29、ena like a prairie fire.a palm fan like a sword. Metonymy.tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers.The Christian believes that man came from above. .below.Hyperbole:The trial that rocked the worldRidicule:Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted .Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.Sarcasm

30、:There is some doubt about that.Transferred epithetDarrow had whisper throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder.AntithesisThe Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.Assonance:when bigots lighted faggots to burn.Repetition: The truth always wins.the truth.the truth.Pun:Darwin is right - inside.A pun is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words.