园林建筑景观设计外文翻译文献.docx

园林建筑景观设计外文翻译文献.docx

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园林建筑景观设计外文翻译文献

文献信息

文献标题：

DigitalToolsinLandscapeArchitecture（景观设计中的数字工具）

文献作者：

NŅitavska，AMengots

文献出处：

《ScientificJournalofLatviaUniversityofAgricultureLandscapeArchitectureandArt》,2017,11（11）:

42-50

字数统计：

英文2507单词，13798字符；中文4104汉字

外文文献　

DigitalToolsinLandscapeArchitecture

AbstractNowadaysprofessionaltoolsinlandscapearchitecturearemorerelatedtodigitaltools.Landscapearchitects’handpoweredtoolshavebeenreplacedbycomputersanddigitaltoolswherethetraditionaltechniquesaresupplementedwith3Dmodellingandanimationforlandscapeplanningindifferentscalesandfordifferentprojectslevels.ThemainaimofthispaperistounderstandandanalysetheuseofdigitaltoolsinlandscapearchitectureandplanninginLatvia.ForthecollectionofdataforthisstudyaquestionnairewasdesignedandsenttoLatvianlandscapearchitectsandplanners.Thequestionsitincludedwereonhowlandscapearchitectsandplannersusedigitaltoolsfortherepresentationoftheirsketchesandideasandonwhatkindofdigitaltoolstheyuseindifferentlandscapetypesandscales.Resultsshowedthatallthesurveyedlandscapearchitectsusedigitaltoolsintheireverydayprofessionalpractice–forlandscapedesignorassessment.Mostofthemalsostillusethetraditionaldrawingsbyhandfordraftsketchesandideas,butforcommunicationwithpublic,projectsanddesignselaboratedbydigitaltoolsareused.Landscapearchitectshaveemphasizedthegreatpotentialofdigitaltoolsforenhancingcommunicationbetweenthelandscapearchitectandthepotentialuser.Digitaltools（visualizations,animations,3Dmodels,etc.）allowthepotentialusertoparticipateinthelandscapeplanningprocessandeasilyimaginethelandscapebeforeitiscreated.Todaylandscapearchitectsusedigitaltoolstoproducethefinalprojectpresentationimages（visualizations）inthelandscapeplanningprocessesforsellingoftheproject.However,webelievethatinfuturethereisapotentialforusingdigitaltoolsmoreasacommunicationtool,whichcanhelpincontactingclientsatvariouslevelsoftheprojectimplementation,especiallyintheearlystagesofthedesign.

Keywords:

digitaltools,visualcommunication,landscapearchitecture

Introduction

Thelandscapearchitect’sdailyworkisassociatedwithlandscapingprojectsofvaryingscales,specificsandlevels,landscaperesearchorlandscapemanagementplanning.Thelandscapearchitect'sprofessioniscomparativelynew–datingbackalittleoverahundredyearsago,whenin1863theBoardofCentralParkCommissioninNewYorkCityapprovedalandscapearchitect'sposition.Sincethen,thisnewprofessionhadofficiallygainedmorestabilityandrecognitioninitsdevelopment.Inlandscapearchitectureartsandprofessionalknowledgeinthefieldoflandscapeplanningaswellassocial,ecologicalandmentalaspectsarecloselyintertwined.Theresultsofday-to-daylandscapearchitect’sworkareoftensubjecttopubliccriticismandperception,thusinfluencingtheivolvementoftheresidentsintheissuesoflandscapeconservation,planning,designandinstallation.

Howdoinformationtransferandcommunicationtakeplace?

Whattoolscanalandscapearchitectusetomoreeffectivelypreparequalityinformation,simultaneouslymakingiteasierfortheresidentsandclientstoperceivetheideas.Nowadaysmoreandmoredigitaltoolsarebeingusedinthefieldoflandscapearchitecture,which,ontheonehandfacilitatesthepresentationoftheresultsoftheremotelandscapearchitect'swork,butontheotherhandreducesthepossibilityofusingtraditionaldrawingmethodswithoutadditionalprocessingandalsoleavesnoroomfordirectcommunication.

Digitaltoolsallowthelandscapearchitectstousenewapproachesandmethodsinplanningandcommunicatingaboutlandscapeplanning,conservation,renovation,orinstallingissues.Inseveralstudiestheuseofdigitaltoolshasbeenparticularlyemphasizedinlandscapearchitectureandplanninginordertoimprovetheprojectperceptionandcommunicationamonglandscapearchitectsandprofessionals,residents,clientsaswellascolleagues.Theuseofthesedigitaltoolsisdiverse,anditisadjustabletotheprojectsofdifferentscalesandcomplexityindifferentstagesofdevelopment:

illustrative,immersive,interactive,intuitiveandintensive.

So,oneoftheaspectsisthecommunicationwithclientsandresidents.Apartofthiscommunicationistheemotionaldesignwhichdoesnotdepicttherealfunctionoflandscapeorrealproportions,butinfluencetheclientsandresidentsthroughartistictoolsattheemotionallevel.Theauthorsintheirstudycallthatkindofemotionaldesigna“woweffect”whichworksnotonlyinlandscapearchitecturebutalsoinallthedesignfieldsthroughouttheworldanditismoreorientedtowardssellingoftheproduct.Overall,theresultofthelandscapearchitect’swork–aprojectoraninstalledobject–includestheemotionalaspectofart,thereforeitalwaysinvolvesasubjectiveevaluation.

Exactlywhatlandscapeelementsorprojectpartsmusttheclientsandresidentsmostoftenevaluateorreadfromthedesignsmadebylandscapearchitects?

Doestheuseofversatiledigitaltoolsmakeiteasierandwithhigherqualitatytoperceivethelandscapeelements?

Communicationhasalwaysbeenacknowledgedtobeoneofthemostsignificantaspectsintheprocessoflandscapedesign.Thecommunicationprocessmainlytakesplacebetweenthelandscapearchitectandtheclients,aswellasbetweentwoprofessionals.Itisessentialwhenaprojectisbeingpreparedforrealconstruction.

Mostofteninlandscapecharacterisationsuchelementsasterrain,buildingorarchitecturalobjects,vegetation,roads,surfacing,waterelementsareused,whichoverallcharacterisetheversatileessenceofthelandscapeinitselements.Butalso,suchfactorsastheaccessibilityofthelandscape,itsscale,colour,textureandthematerialsfoundinthelandscape,theemotionalfactorofthetotalimage,versatilityoflandscape,itsuniquenessandrarityareimportant.Manyofthesefactorsandelementsareinfluencedbysubjectiveperception,thusmakingitdifficulttoobjectivelyevaluatetheresultsofthelandscapeprojects.

Inourstudywehavechosenthoselandscapeevaluationcriteriawhichmostvividlycharacterisetheprojectidea,themainparametersandalsotheessenceofthedesign:

•theplacementofelementsinthelandscape;

•theperceptionofthedesignonthewholeandtheideaoftheproject;

•vegetation–theexistingandplannedwoodyplants;

•inclusionoftheobjectsintheenvironment,connectionwiththeadjoiningterritories;

•perceptionoftheproportionsofspaceandelements;

•terrain.

Thestudydealswiththedigitaltoolsinlandscapearchitecture.Inthecurrentstudydigitaltoolshavebeenanalysedandcompared,informationaboutthemostpopulardigitaltools,theirchoiceanduseinthefieldoflandscapearchitectureinLatviahasbeenobtainedandtheperceptionaspectsforthetypesofvisualizationintheprojectsoflandscapearchitecturehavebeenevaluated.

Methods

Thestudyconsistsoftwoparts:

•thefirstpartpresentsinformationaboutthemostpopulardigitaltools,theirchoiceandhabitsofuseinthefieldoflandscapearchitecture–theevaluationmethodoftheuseofdigitaltoolshasbeenused.ThisinformationwasobtainedfromtheresultsofthesurveyonthehabitsoftheuseofdigitaltoolsinthefieldoflandscapearchitectureinLatviawheretherepresentativesinvolvedinthefieldoflandscapearchitectureparticipated;

•inthesecondpartofthestudytheperceptionaspectsoflandscapearchitecturevisualizationmaterialshavebeenevaluatedbymeansofthephotographymethod–theevaluationmethodofperceptionaspectsofvisualizationtypeshasbeenused.

Theevaluationmethodoftheuseofdigitaltools

Withintheframeworkoftheresearch,asurveywasconductedtofindoutthemostpopulardigitaltools,theirchoiceanduseinthefieldoflandscapearchitectureinLatvia.InLatviaactivelyworkingLatvianAssociationofLandscapeArchitecture.Inthe2017associationhadapproximately100members,whoarespecialistsinthefield,ofwhich23arecertifiedlandscapearchitects.InthefieldoflandscapearchitectureinLatviathereisapproximately10companies.20professionalsfromdifferenteducationlevelsinthefieldoflandscapearchitecture:

thesecondaryprofessional–1;Bachelor–12;master'sdegree–4;PhD–3wasparticipatedinsurvey.TheonlinesurveyfromMarchtoAprilof2017wascarriedoutusingsystematicgatheringofdatafromthetargetaudience（professionalsofthelandscapearchitecture）characterizedbytheinvitation（e-mail）oftherespondentsandthecompletionofthequestionnaireovertheWorldWideWeb,usingsoftwarewww.visidati.lv.Alltwentyindividualswhofilledinthequestionnaireformswereincludedinthedataprocessing.

Thequestionnaireconsistedofelevenquestions.Atthebeginningofthequestionnairethedataabouttherespondents’educationlevelandworkingexperienceinthefieldoflandscapearchitecturewereobtained.Furtheronthequestionswereassociatedwiththedigitaltoolstherespondentsuseandthehabitsoftheiruse,preconditionsandgoals.Attheendofthequestionnaire,thesurveyparticipant'sopinionondigitaltoolsinthefieldoflandscapearchitecturewascollected.MSExcelsoftwarewasusedtocompilethecollecteddataandtointerprettheresults.

Evaluationmethodoftheperceptionaspectsofvisualisationmaterialstypes

Inthecurrentstudythephotographycomparativemethodwasusedindeterminingtheperceptionaspectsofvisualizationmaterialstypesoflandscap