园林建筑景观设计外文翻译文献.docx

1、园林建筑景观设计外文翻译文献文献信息文献标题：Digital Tools in Landscape Architecture（景观设计中的数字工具）文献作者：N itavska，A Mengots文献出处：Scientific Journal of Latvia University of Agriculture Landscape Architecture and Art,2017,11(11):42-50字数统计：英文2507单词，13798字符；中文4104汉字外文文献Digital Tools in Landscape ArchitectureAbstract Nowadays pro

2、fessional tools in landscape architecture are more related to digital tools. Landscape architects hand powered tools have been replaced by computers and digital tools where the traditional techniques are supplemented with 3D modelling and animation for landscape planning in different scales and for

3、different projects levels. The main aim of this paper is to understand and analyse the use of digital tools in landscape architecture and planning in Latvia. For the collection of data for this study a questionnaire was designed and sent to Latvian landscape architects and planners. The questions it

4、 included were on how landscape architects and planners use digital tools for the representation of their sketches and ideas and on what kind of digital tools they use in different landscape types and scales. Results showed that all the surveyed landscape architects use digital tools in their everyd

5、ay professional practice for landscape design or assessment. Most of them also still use the traditional drawings by hand for draft sketches and ideas, but for communication with public, projects and designs elaborated by digital tools are used. Landscape architects have emphasized the great potenti

6、al of digital tools for enhancing communication between the landscape architect and the potential user. Digital tools (visualizations, animations, 3D models, etc.) allow the potential user to participate in the landscape planning process and easily imagine the landscape before it is created. Today l

7、andscape architects use digital tools to produce the final project presentation images (visualizations) in the landscape planning processes for selling of the project. However, we believe that in future there is a potential for using digital tools more as a communication tool, which can help in cont

8、acting clients at various levels of the project implementation, especially in the early stages of the design.Keywords: digital tools, visual communication, landscape architectureIntroductionThe landscape architects daily work is associated with landscaping projects of varying scales, specifics and l

9、evels, landscape research or landscape management planning. The landscape architects profession is comparatively new dating back a little over a hundred years ago, when in 1863 the Board of Central Park Commission in New York City approved a landscape architects position. Since then, this new profes

10、sion had officially gained more stability and recognition in its development. In landscape architecture arts and professional knowledge in the field of landscape planning as well as social, ecological and mental aspects are closely intertwined. The results of day-to-day landscape architects work are

11、 often subject to public criticism and perception, thus influencing the ivolvement of the residents in the issues of landscape conservation, planning, design and installation.How do information transfer and communication take place? What tools can a landscape architect use to more effectively prepar

12、e quality information, simultaneously making it easier for the residents and clients to perceive the ideas. Nowadays more and more digital tools are being used in the field of landscape architecture, which, on the one hand facilitates the presentation of the results of the remote landscape architect

13、s work, but on the other hand reduces the possibility of using traditional drawing methods without additional processing and also leaves no room for direct communication.Digital tools allow the landscape architects to use new approaches and methods in planning and communicating about landscape plann

14、ing, conservation, renovation, or installing issues. In several studies the use of digital tools has been particularly emphasized in landscape architecture and planning in order to improve the project perception and communication among landscape architects and professionals, residents, clients as we

15、ll as colleagues. The use of these digital tools is diverse, and it is adjustable to the projects of different scales and complexity in different stages of development: illustrative, immersive, interactive, intuitive and intensive.So, one of the aspects is the communication with clients and resident

16、s. A part of this communication is the emotional design which does not depict the real function of landscape or real proportions, but influence the clients and residents through artistic tools at the emotional level. The authors in their study call that kind of emotional design a “wow effect” which

17、works not only in landscape architecture but also in all the design fields throughout the world and it is more oriented towards selling of the product. Overall, the result of the landscape architects work a project or an installed object includes the emotional aspect of art, therefore it always invo

18、lves a subjective evaluation.Exactly what landscape elements or project parts must the clients and residents most often evaluate or read from the designs made by landscape architects? Does the use of versatile digital tools make it easier and with higher qualitaty to perceive the landscape elements?

19、 Communication has always been acknowledged to be one of the most significant aspects in the process of landscape design. The communication process mainly takes place between the landscape architect and the clients, as well as between two professionals. It is essential when a project is being prepar

20、ed for real construction.Most often in landscape characterisation such elements as terrain, building or architectural objects, vegetation, roads, surfacing, water elements are used, which overall characterise the versatile essence of the landscape in its elements. But also, such factors as the acces

21、sibility of the landscape, its scale, colour, texture and the materials found in the landscape, the emotional factor of the total image, versatility of landscape, its uniqueness and rarity are important. Many of these factors and elements are influenced by subjective perception, thus making it diffi

22、cult to objectively evaluate the results of the landscape projects.In our study we have chosen those landscape evaluation criteria which most vividly characterise the project idea, the main parameters and also the essence of the design:the placement of elements in the landscape;the perception of the

23、 design on the whole and the idea of the project;vegetation the existing and planned woody plants;inclusion of the objects in the environment, connection with the adjoining territories;perception of the proportions of space and elements;terrain.The study deals with the digital tools in landscape arc

24、hitecture. In the current study digital tools have been analysed and compared, information about the most popular digital tools, their choice and use in the field of landscape architecture in Latvia has been obtained and the perception aspects for the types of visualization in the projects of landsc

25、ape architecture have been evaluated.MethodsThe study consists of two parts:the first part presents information about the most popular digital tools, their choice and habits of use in the field of landscape architecture the evaluation method of the use of digital tools has been used. This informatio

26、n was obtained from the results of the survey on the habits of the use of digital tools in the field of landscape architecture in Latvia where the representatives involved in the field of landscape architecture participated;in the second part of the study the perception aspects of landscape architec

27、ture visualization materials have been evaluated by means of the photography method the evaluation method of perception aspects of visualization types has been used.The evaluation method of the use of digital toolsWithin the framework of the research, a survey was conducted to find out the most popu

28、lar digital tools, their choice and use in the field of landscape architecture in Latvia. In Latvia actively working Latvian Association of Landscape Architecture. In the 2017 association had approximately 100 members, who are specialists in the field, of which 23 are certified landscape architects.

29、 In the field of landscape architecture in Latvia there is approximately 10 companies. 20 professionals from different education levels in the field of landscape architecture: the secondary professional 1; Bachelor 12; masters degree 4; PhD 3 was participated in survey. The online survey from March

30、to April of 2017 was carried out using systematic gathering of data from the target audience (professionals of the landscape architecture) characterized by the invitation (e-mail) of the respondents and the completion of the questionnaire over the World Wide Web, using software www.visidati.lv. All

31、twenty individuals who filled in the questionnaire forms were included in the data processing.The questionnaire consisted of eleven questions. At the beginning of the questionnaire the data about the respondents education level and working experience in the field of landscape architecture were obtai

32、ned. Further on the questions were associated with the digital tools the respondents use and the habits of their use, preconditions and goals. At the end of the questionnaire, the survey participants opinion on digital tools in the field of landscape architecture was collected. MS Excel software was used to compile the collected data and to interpret the results.Evaluation method of the perception aspects of visualisation materials typesIn the current study the photography comparative method was used in determining the perception aspects of visualization materials types of landscap