下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。
1、统一性
一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。
请看下例：
JoeandIdecidedtotakethelongtripwe'dalwayswantedacrossthecountry.Wewerelikeyoungkidsbuyingourcamperandstockingitwithallthenecessitiesoflife.Bellabakesthebestrhubarbpie.WestartedoutinearlyspringfromMinneapolisandheadedwestacrossthenorthernpartofthecountry.Webothenjoyedthosepeoplewemetatthetrailerpark.Joereceivedawatchathisretirementdinner.Tooursurprise,wefoundthatwelikedthewarmsouthernregionsverymuch,andsowedecidedtostayhereinNewMexico.
本段的主题句是段首句，controllingidea<中心思想）是takethelongtripacrossthecountry。
文中出现两个irrelevantsentences，一个是Bellabakesthebestrhubarbpie，这一段是讲的是JoeandI，中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。
还有，Joereceivedawatchathisretirementdinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。
考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出irrelevantsentences<不相关语句）而丢分，值得引起注意。
再看一个例子：
MynameisRoseanna,andIliketokeepphysicallyfit.Iusedtoweightwohundredpounds,butIjoinedtheYMCAforanexerciseclassanddietprogram.InoneyearIlosteightypounds.Ifeelmuchbetterandneverwanttohavethatmuchweightonmyfive-feetframeagain.Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek.EverydayIpracticejoggingthreemiles,swimmingfifteenlaps,liftingtwenty-poundweightsandplayingtennisforonehour.Mymotherwasaprematurebaby.
本段的controllingidea是liketodeepphysicallyfit，但段中有两个irrelevantsentences，一个是Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek，另一个是Mymotherwasaprematurebaby。
从上面两个例子可以看出，nativespeakers同样会造出来irrelevantsentences。
卷面上如果这种句子多了，造成偏题或离题，那问题就更严重了。
2、完整性
正象我们前面说得那样，一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。
同样，虽然有推展句，但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待，给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。
这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。
例如：
Physicalworkcanbeausefulformoftherapyforamindinturmoil.Workconcentratesyourthoughtsonaconcretetask.Besides,itismoreusefultowork----youproducesomethingratherthanmoreanxietyordepression.
本段的主题句是段首句。
本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。
什么是“amindinturmoil”<心境不平静）Physicalwork又如何能改变这种情况？
为什么它能起therapy的作用？
读者得不到明确的答案。
由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100～120个词的三段式短文，每一段只有大约40个词左右，因此，要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。
例如：
Itisnotalwaystruethatagoodpictureisworthathousandwords.Oftenwritingismuchclearerthanapicture.Itissometimesdifficulttofigureoutwhatapicturemeans,butacarefulwritercanalmostalwaysexplainit.
段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法，必须有具体事例加以验证。
上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释，整个段落内容空洞，简而不明。
如果用一两个具体的例子的话，就可以把主题解释清楚了。
比如下段：
Itisnotalwaystruethatapictureisworthathousandwords.Sometimes,picturesareprettyuselessthings.Ifyoucan'tswimandfallintheriverandstartgulpingwater,willyoubebetterofftoholdupapictureofyourselfdrowning,orstartscreaming"Help"?
3、连贯性连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。
当然这两者常常是不可分割的。
只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系；反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。
1）、意连
段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。
如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。
下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。
A．按时间先后排列 Wehadanumberofclosecallsthatday.Whenwerose,itwasobviouslylateandwehadtohurrysoasnottomissbreakfast。
weknewthediningroomstaffwasstrictaboutclosingatnineo'clock.Then,whenwehadbeendrivinginthedesertfornearlytwohours-----itmusthavebeenclosetonoon----theheatnearlyhidusin。
theradiatorboiledoverandwehadtousemostofourdrinkingwatertocoolitdown.Bythetimewereachedthemountain,itwasouro'clockandwewereexhausted.Here,judgementranoutofusandwestartedthetoughclimbtothesummit,notrealizingthatdarknesscamesuddenlyinthedesert.Sureenough,bysixwewerestrugglingandAndrewverynearlywentdownasteepcliff,draggingMohammedandmealongwithhim.Bynine,whenthewindhowledacrosstheflatledgeofthesummit,weknewasweshiveredtogetherforwarmththatithadnotbeenourluckyday.
本段从“rose”<起床）写起，然后是吃早餐<“nottomissbreakfast”,“closingatnineo'clock”），然后是“closetonoon”，一直写到这一天结束<“Bynine--”）。
B.按位置远近排列例如：
Fromadistance,itlookedlikeaskinnytube,butaswegotcloser,wecouldseeitfleshoutbeforeoureyes.Itwastubular,allright,butfatterthanwecouldseefromfaraway.Furthermore,wewerealsoastonishedtonoticethatthebuildingwasreallyintwoparts:
apagodasittingontopofatubularone-storystructure.Standingtenfeetaway,wecouldmarvelathowmuchofthepagodawasmadeupofglasswindows.AlmosteverythingunderthewonderfulChineseroofwasmadeofglass,unlikethetubethatitwassittingon,whichonlyhadfour.Inside,thetubewasgloomy,becauseofthelackoflight.Thenasteep,narrowstaircasetookusupinsidethepagodaandthelightchangeddramatically.Allthosewindowsletinafloodofsunshineandwecouldseeoutformilesacrosstheflatland.
本段的写法是由远及近，从远处<“fromadistance”）写起，然后“getcloser”，再到<“tenfeetaway”），最后是“insidethepagoda”……当然，按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。
根据需要，也可以由近及远，由表及里等等。
C.按逻辑关系排列 a.按重要性顺序排列 Ifyouworkasasodajerker,youwill,ofcourse,notneedmuchskillinexpressingyourselftobeeffective.Ifyouworkonamachine,yourabilitytoexpressyourselfwillbeoflittleimportance.Butassoonasyoumoveonestepupfromthebottom,youreffectivenessdependsonyourabilitytoreachothersthroughthespokenorthewrittenword.Andthefurtherawayyourjobisfrommanualwork,thelargertheorganizationofwhichyouareanemployee,themoreimportantitwillbethatyouknowhowtoconveyyourthoughtsinwritingorspeaking.Intheverylargebusinessorganization,whetheritisthegovernment,thelargecorporation,ortheArmy,thisabilitytoexpressoneselfisperhapsthemostimportantofalltheskillsamancanpossess.
这一段谈的是表达能力，它的重要性与职业，身份有关，从“notneedmuchskill”或“oflittleimportance”到“moreimportant”，最后是“mostimportant”。
b.由一般到特殊排列 Ifareaderislost,itisgenerallybecausethewriterhasnotbeencarefulenoughtokeephimonthepath.Thiscarelessnesscantakeanynumberofforms.Perhapsasentenceissoexcessivelyclutteredthatthereader,hackinghiswaythroughtheverbiage,simplydoesn'tknowwhatitmeans.Perhapsasentencehasbeensoshoddilyconstructedthatthereadercouldreaditinanyofseveralways.Perhapsthewriterhasswitchedtenses,orhasswitchedpronounsinmid-sentence,sothereaderlosestrackofwhentheactiontookplaceorwhoistalking.PerhapssentenceBisnotlogicalsequeltosentenceA----thewriter,inwhoseheadtheconnectionisclear,hasnotbotheredtoprovidethemissinglink.Perhapsthewriterhasusedanimportantwordincorrectlybynottakingthetroubletolookitup.Hemaythinkthat"sanguine"and"sanguinary"meanthesamething,butthedifferenceisabloodybigone.Thereadercanonlyinferwhatthewriteristryingtoimply.
这一段谈的是awriter'scarelessness，先给出一个generalstatement作为主题句，然后通过5个＂perhaps＂加以例证。
c.由特殊到一般排列 IdonotunderstandwhypeopleconfusemySiamesecat,Prissy,withtheoneIhadseveralyearsago,Henry.Thetwocatsareonlyalikeinbreed.Prissy,aquiet,femininefeline,lovesmedearlybutnotpossessively.Shelikestokeepherdistancefrompeople,exertherindependenceandisneversorudeastobeg,lick,orsniffunceremoniously.Herusualpostureissittingupright,eyesclosed,perfectlystill.Prissyisaverypropercat.Henry,ontheotherhand,lovedmedearlybutpossessively.Hewasmyshadowfrommorningtillnight.Heexpectedmetoconstantlyentertainhim.Henrynevercaredwhosawhimdoanything,whetheritwasdecorousornot,andheusuallyoffendedmyfriendsinsomeway.Thecatmadehimselfquitecomfortable,onthetopofthetelevision,acrossstranger'sfeetorlaps,inbeds,drawers,sacks,closets,ornooks.Thedifferencebetweenthemisimperceptibletostrangers.
本段的主题句是段首句，它仅提出一个问题：
为什么两只猫会被搞混。
然后对两者进行比较，末句才下结论。
2）、形连
行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。
请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语：
Walter'sgoalinlifewastobecomeasuccessfulsurgeon.First,though,hehadtogetthroughhighschool,soheconcentratedallhiseffortsonhisstudies---inparticular,biology,chemistry,andmath.Becauseheworkedconstantlyonthesesubjects,Walterbecameproficientinthem。
however,Walterforgotthatheneededtomasterothersubjectsbesidesthosehehadchosen.Asaresult,duringhisjunioryearofhighschool,WalterfailedbothEnglishandLatin.Consequently,hehadtorepeatthesesubjectsandhewasalmostunabletograduateonschedule.Finally,onJune6,Walterachievedthefirststeptowardrealizinghisgoal.
本文中起承上启下的词语有两种，一种是转换词语前者依次有：
first,though,so,inparticular,and,because,however,besides,asaresult,both…and,consequently,and,finally.后者依次是：
he,he,his,his,he,these,them,he,those,his,he,these,his.本段中共有词汇105个，所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词，约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。
由此可见，掌握好transitions不仅对行文的流一个段落里如果没有transitions也就很难有coherence了.我们看下面一个例子：
Speakingandwritingaredifferentinmanyways.Speechdependsonsounds.Writinguseswrittensymbols.Speechdevelopedabout500000yearsago.Writtenlanguageisarecentdevelopment.Itwasinventedonlyaboutsixthousandyearsago.Speechisusuallyinformal.Thewordchoiceofwritingisoftenrelativelyformal.Pronunciationandaccentoftentellwheret
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