托福阅读TPO7原文+题目+答案.docx
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TheGeologicHistoryoftheMediterranean
In1970geologistsKennethJ.HsuandWilliamB.F.Ryanwerecollecting
researchdatawhileaboardtheoceanographicresearchvesselGlomarChallenger.
Anobjectiveofthisparticularcruisewastoinvestigatethefloorofthe
Mediterraneanandtoresolvequestionsaboutitsgeologichistory.Onequestion
wasrelatedtoevidencethattheinvertebratefauna（animalswithoutspines）of
theMediterraneanhadchangedabruptlyabout6millionyearsago.Mostofthe
olderorganismswerenearlywipedout,althoughafewhardyspeciessurvived.A
fewmanagedtomigrateintotheAtlantic.Somewhatlater,themigrantsreturned,
bringingnewspecieswiththem.Whydidthenearextinctionandmigrations
occur?
AnothertaskfortheGlomarChallenger’sscientistswastotrytodetermine
theoriginofthedomelikemassesburieddeepbeneaththeMediterranean
seafloor.Thesestructureshadbeendetectedyearsearlierbyecho-sounding
instruments,buttheyhadneverbeenpenetratedinthecourseofdrilling.Were
theysaltdomessuchasarecommonalongtheUnitedStatesGulfCoast,andif
so,whyshouldtherehavebeensomuchsolidcrystallinesaltbeneaththefloor
oftheMediterranean?
Withquestionsuchastheseclearlybeforethem,thescientistsaboardthe
GlomarChallengerprocessedtotheMediterraneantosearchfortheanswers.On
August23,1970,theyrecoveredasample.Thesampleconsistedofpebblesof
hardenedsedimentthathadoncebeensoft,deep-seamud,aswellasgranulesof
gypsumandfragmentsofvolcanicrock.Notasinglepebblewasfoundthatmight
haveindicatedthatthepebblescamefromthenearbycontinent.Inthedays
following,samplesofsolidgypsumwererepeatedlybroughtondeckasdrilling
operationspenetratedtheseafloor.Furthermore,thegypsumwasfoundtopossess
peculiaritiesofcompositionandstructurethatsuggestedithadformedon
desertflats.Sedimentaboveandbelowthegypsumlayercontainedtinymarine
fossils,indicatingopen-oceanconditions.Astheydrilledintothecentraland
deepestpartoftheMediterraneanbasin,thescientiststooksolid,shiny,
crystallinesaltfromthecorebarrel.Interbeddedwiththesaltwerethin
layersofwhatappearedtobewindblownsilt.
Thetimehadcometoformulateahypothesis.Theinvestigatorstheorized
thatabout20millionyearsago,theMediterraneanwasabroadseawaylinkedto
theAtlanticbytwonarrowstraits.Crustalmovementsclosedthestraits,and
thelandlockedMediterraneanbegantoevaporate.Increasingsalinitycausedby
theevaporationresultedintheexterminationofscoresofinvertebratespecies.
Onlyafeworganismsespeciallytolerantofverysaltyconditionsremained.As
evaporationcontinued,theremainingbrine（saltwater）becamesodensethatthe
calciumsulfateofthehardlayerwasprecipitated.Inthecentraldeeperpart
ofthebasin,thelastofthebrineevaporatedtoprecipitatemoresoluble
sodiumchloride（salt）.Later,undertheweightofoverlyingsediments,this
saltflowedplasticallyupwardtoformsaltdomes.Beforethishappened,
however,theMediterraneanwasavastdesert3,000metersdeep.Then,about5.5
millionyearsagocamethedeluge.Asaresultofcrustaladjustmentsand
faulting,theStraitofGibraltar,wheretheMediterraneannowconnectstothe
Atlantic,opened,andwatercascadedspectacularlybackintotheMediterranean.
Turbulentwaterstoreintothehardenedsaltflats,brokethemup,andground
themintothepebblesobservedinthefirstsampletakenbytheChallenger.As
thebasinwasrefilled,normalmarineorganismsreturned.Soonlayerofoceanic
oozebegantoaccumulateabovetheoldhardlayer.
Thesaltandgypsum,thefaunalchanges,andtheunusualgravelprovided
abundantevidencethattheMediterraneanwasonceadesert.
gypsum:
amineralmadeofcalciumsulfateandwater
Paragraph1:
In1970geologistsKennethJ.HsuandWilliamB.F.Ryanwere
collectingresearchdatawhileaboardtheoceanographicresearchvesselGlomar
Challenger.Anobjectiveofthisparticularcruisewastoinvestigatethefloor
oftheMediterraneanandtoresolvequestionsaboutitsgeologichistory.One
questionwasrelatedtoevidencethattheinvertebratefauna（animalswithout
spines）oftheMediterraneanhadchangedabruptlyabout6millionyearsago.
Mostoftheolderorganismswerenearlywipedout,althoughafewhardyspecies
survived.AfewmanagedtomigrateintotheAtlantic.Somewhatlater,the
migrantsreturned,bringingnewspecieswiththem.Whydidthenearextinction
andmigrationsoccur?
1.Theword“objective”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○achievement
○requirement
○purpose
○feature
2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph1asachangethat
occurredinthefaunaoftheMediterranean?
○Mostinvertebratespeciesdisappearedduringawaveofextinctions.
○AfewhardyspecieswipedoutmanyoftheMediterranean’s
invertebrates.
○SomeinvertebratesmigratedtoAtlanticOcean.
○NewspeciesoffaunapopulatedtheMediterraneanwhentheoldmigrants
returned.
Paragraph3:
Withquestionsuchastheseclearlybeforethem,the
scientistsaboardtheGlomarChallengerprocessedtotheMediterraneantosearch
fortheanswers.OnAugust23,1970,theyrecoveredasample.Thesample
consistedofpebblesofhardenedsedimentthathadoncebeensoft,deep-seamud,
aswellasgranulesofgypsumandfragmentsofvolcanicrock.Notasingle
pebblewasfoundthatmighthaveindicatedthatthepebblescamefromthenearby
continent.Inthedaysfollowing,samplesofsolidgypsumwererepeatedly
broughtondeckasdrillingoperationspenetratedtheseafloor.Furthermore,the
gypsumwasfoundtopossesspeculiaritiesofcompositionandstructurethat
suggestedithadformedondesertflats.Sedimentaboveandbelowthegypsum
layercontainedtinymarinefossils,indicatingopen-oceanconditions.Asthey
drilledintothecentralanddeepestpartoftheMediterraneanbasin,the
scientiststooksolid,shiny,crystallinesaltfromthecorebarrel.Interbedded
withthesaltwerethinlayersofwhatappearedtobewindblownsilt.
3.Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“Notasinglepebblewasfoundthat
mighthaveindicatedthatthe
pebblescamefromthenearbycontinent”?
○Themostobviousexplanationfortheoriginofthepebbleswasnot
supportedbytheevidence.
○Thegeologistsdidnotfindasmanypebblesastheyexpected.
○Thegeologistswerelookingforaparticularkindofpebble.
○Thedifferentpebblescouldnothavecomefromonlyonesource.
4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutthesolid
gypsumlayer?
○Itdidnotcontainanymarinefossil.
○Ithadformedinopen-oceanconditions.
○Ithadoncebeensoft,deep-seamud.
○Itcontainedsedimentfromnearbydeserts.
5.SelecttheTWOanswerchoicefromparagraph3thatidentifymaterials
discoveredinthedeepestpartoftheMediterraneanbasin.Toreceivecredityou
mustselectTWOanswers.
○Volcanicrockfragments.
○Thinsiltlayers
○Soft,deep-seamud
○Crystallinesalt
6.Whatisthemainpurposeofparagraph3?
○TodescribethephysicalevidencecollectedbyHsuandRyan
○Toexplainwhysomeofthequestionsposedearlierinthepassagecould
notbeansweredbythefindingsoftheGlomarChallenger
○ToevaluatetechniquesusedbyHsuandRyantoexploretheseafloor
○TodescribethemostdifficultproblemsfacedbytheGlomarChallenger
expedition
Paragraph4:
Thetimehadcometoformulateahypothesis.Theinvestigators
theorizedthatabout20millionyearsago,theMediterraneanwasabroadseaway
linkedtotheAtlanticbytwonarrowstraits.Crustalmovementsclosedthe
straits,andthelandlockedMediterraneanbegantoevaporate.Increasing
salinitycausedbytheevaporationresultedintheexterminationofscoresof
invertebratespecies.Onlyafeworganismsespeciallytolerantofverysalty
conditionsremained.Asevaporationcontinued,theremainingbrine（saltwater）
becamesodensethatthecalciumsulfateofthehardlayerwasprecipitated.In
thecentraldeeperpartofthebasin,thelastofthebrineevaporatedto
precipitatemoresolublesodiumchloride（salt）.Later,undertheweightof
overlyingsediments,thissaltflowedplasticallyupwardtoformsaltdomes.
Beforethishappened,however,theMediterraneanwasavastdesert3,000meters
deep.Then,about5.5millionyearsagocamethedeluge.Asaresultofcrustal
adjustmentsandfaulting,theStraitofGibraltar,wheretheMediterraneannow
connectstotheAtlantic,opened,andwatercascadedspectacularlybackintothe
Mediterranean.Turbulentwaterstoreintothehardenedsaltflats,brokethem
up,andgroundthemintothepebblesobservedinthefirstsampletakenbythe
Challenger.Asthebasinwasrefilled,normalmarineorganismsreturned.Soon
layerofoceanicoozebegantoaccumulateabovetheoldhardlayer.
7.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingwasresponsibleforthe
evaporationoftheMediterranean’swaters?
○ThemovementsofEarth’scrust
○Theaccumulationofsedimentlayers
○ChangesinthewaterleveloftheAtlanticOcean
○ChangesinEarth’stemperature
8.Theword“scores”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○members
○largenumbers
○populations
○differenttypes
9.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatcausedmostinv
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