维生素C对DFraction的协同增效作用可能作为癌症的替代疗法.docx

维生素C对DFraction的协同增效作用可能作为癌症的替代疗法.docx

《维生素C对DFraction的协同增效作用可能作为癌症的替代疗法.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《维生素C对DFraction的协同增效作用可能作为癌症的替代疗法.docx（26页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

维生素C对DFraction的协同增效作用可能作为癌症的替代疗法

声明：

本文摘自InternationalJournalofGeneralMedicine，即《国际全科医学杂志》该杂志属于DoveMedicalPressLtd，其中的文章涉及病理学、流行病学、综合内科医学以及诊断学等，是一本国际开放性期刊。

为方便广大读者阅读，我们对论文摘要进行了中文翻译，译文仅供参考，如有不足之处，敬请指正。

-----本文摘自舞茸D-fraction官方网站，转载请注明

【参考译文】

SynergisticpotentiationofD-fractionwithvitaminCaspossiblealternativeapproachforcancertherapy

                           维生素C对D-Fraction的协同增效作用可能作为癌症的替代疗法

摘  要

      舞茸D-Fraction（PDF）是一种从舞茸中提取的活性物质，其活性成分是蛋白多糖，它更多的为人所知是一种β葡聚糖。

PDF已被广泛的研究，其大量的药用潜质（特性）被发现，这包括各种生理学上的益处，从免疫调节作用和抗肿瘤活性到治疗高血压、糖尿病、高胆固醇血症、病毒感染（乙肝病毒和HIV病毒）以及肥胖。

尤其是PDF的两个主要生物活性，免疫调节和抗肿瘤活性，已经成为科学和临床的两个主要研究目标。

为揭示和证实这些生物活性，进行了大量的体外、体内以及临床试验。

这些实验结果显示PDF确实能调整免疫学和血液学的指标，抑制癌细胞生长，甚至能改变癌症患者的生活质量。

体外试验中维生素C与PDF的协同增效作用被证明非常令人关注，且具有临床意义，因为这一联合疗法看起来能改善现有的癌症治疗方法的效果。

近来，经常用静脉注射维生素C来提高其生理浓度，这一有效的过程使这种联合疗法可行。

由此可见，PDF在癌症治疗中单独使用或与其他药物一起使用时均有巨大的潜能。

在此，我们将从一个特殊的角度来描述和讨论相关试验中PDF和维生素C联合使用这一可行的治疗方法。

关键词：

舞茸D-Fraction，PDF，维生素C，协同作用，癌症疗法

 论文原文

                     InternationalJournalofGeneralMedicine2009：

291-108

                SynergisticpotentiationofD-fractionwithvitaminCaspossible

                                  alternativeapproachforcancertherapy

                                                       SensukeKonno

                 DepartmentofUrology,NewYorkMedicalCollege,valhalla,NY,USA

Abstract:

MaitakeD-fractionorPDFisthebioactiveextractofmaitakemushroom（Grifolafrondosa）anditsactiveconstituentistheprotein-boundpolysaccharide（proteoglucan）,ormorespecificallyknownasβ-glucan.PDFhasbeenextensivelystudiedandanumberofitsmedicinalpotentials/propertieshavebeenunveiledanddemonstrated.Thoseincludevariousphysiologicalbenefitsrangingfromimmunomodulatoryandantitumoractivitiestotreatmentforhypertension,diabetes,hypercholesterolemia,viralinfections（hepatitisBandhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus）,andobesity.Particularly,twomajorbiologicalactivitiesofPDF,immunomodulatoryandantitumoractivities,havebeenthemaintargetforscientificandclinicalresearch.Todemonstrateandconfirmsuchbiologicalactivities,numerousstudieshavebeenperformedinvitroandinvivoorinclinicalsettings.ThesestudiesshowedthatPDFwasindeedcapableofmodulatingimmunologicandhematologicparameters,inhibitingorregressingthecancercellgrowth,andevenimprovingqualityoflifeofcancerpatients.SynergisticpotentiationofPDFwithvitaminCdemonstratedinvitroisratherinterestingandmayhaveclinicalimplication,becausesuchcombinationtherapyappearstohelpimprovetheefficacyofcurrentlyongoingcancertherapies.Recently,intravenousadministrationofvitaminChasbeenoftenusedtoincreaseitsphysiologicalconcentrationandthisusefulproceduremayfurthermakethiscombinationtherapyfeasible.Therefore,PDFmayhavegreatpotential,eitherbeingusedsolelyorcombinedwithotheragents,forcancertherapy.SuchrelevantanddetailedstudieswillbedescribedanddiscussedhereinwithaspecialfocusonthecombinationofPDFandvitaminCasaviabletherapeuticoption.

Keywords:

maitakeD-fraction,PDF,vitaminC,synergism,cancertherapy

Introduction

MushroomshavebeenknownforcenturiesparticularlyamongChineseandJapanesepeoplewhoconsumedorutilizedthemfordietaryormedicinalpurposes.However,Westernpeoplehaveneitherknownthesemushroomsnorgainedtheirpotentialhealthbenefitsuntilrecently.Onereasonforthisdisparitymayarisefrommisunderstandingormisconceptionaboutthenatureandpropertiesofmushrooms.Asmushroomsbelongtothefamilyof“fungi”,many（Western）peoplehaveageneralperceptionthatmushroomshavelittlenutritionalvaluewhileothersthinkthateatingmushroomsmaymakeonevulnerabletosomeyeastinfections.Wenowknowtheseconceptsareinvalid,andtothecontrary,mushroomshavegreatnutritionalvalueincludingvitamins,minerals,aminoacids,andfibers;1theyareindeedhealthyfood.Asanumberofmushroomsarenowcultivatedworldwide,theirproductsorextractshavebecomeeasilyavailabletothepublicandsoldmainlyasdietarysupplements.ThemarketNumberoftimesthisarticlehasbeenviewedvalueofsuchmushroomsupplementproductsworldwideisnearlyUS$5–6billionannually.2

 Inadditiontotheirdietaryvalue,themedicinalaspectsofmushroomshavebeenlongappreciatedintheFarEastbutarealsorapidlygainingagreatpublicattentionintheWesternworld.Becauseofaneasyandabundantavailabilityofmanymushroomsbycultivation,notonlythepublicbutalsoscientistscanobtainthemforscientificandclinicalresearch.Bioactiveextractsormetabolitesofthesemedicinalmushroomsarewidelybeingusedtotreatorpreventavarietyofdiseases.Sincethesemushroomproductsareconsideredasdietarysupplements,theycouldbeindividuallyorpersonallyusedfortherapeuticpurposeswithoutgoingthroughaseriesof“phasetrials”requiredforanordinarydrug/medicineundertheUSFoodandDrugAdministration（FDA）.Yet,thesufficientscientificstudieshavenotbeenperformedonmostofthesemushrooms（ortheirproducts）torevealandconfirmtheiractualmedicinalpotentials/properties,althoughsomeofthemhavebeenindeedscientificallyinvestigated.Particularly,oneofthemisknownas“maitakemushroom”（Grifolafrondosa）anditsbioactiveextractisnamed“MaitakeD-fraction.”

MaitakeD-fraction（PDF）

Maitakemushroomisatastyediblemushroom.Maitakeliterallymeans“dancingmushroom”.Itisahugemushroomthatcanreach20inchesindiameterandweighupto100pounds.Besidesitsgreattaste,ithasalsobeenbelievedtoprovidehealthbenefitsandoftenusedfortherapeuticpurposes.Asmaitakewasthenconsideredamedicinalmushroom,ithasbeenextensivelysubjectedtoscientificstudiesfornearly30yearswhichhasrevealedanumberofmedicinalpropertiesthatcouldprovideremarkablehealthbenefits.Variousphysiologicalbenefitsofmaitakehavebeenpostulatedordemonstrated,rangingfromimmunomodulatoryandantitumoractivitiestotreatmentforhypertension,diabetes,hypercholesterolemia,obesity,andhepatitisBinfection.3-11Itsantiviralactivityagainsthumanimmunodeficiencyvirus（HIV）/AIDSwasalsoconfirmedbytheUSNationalCancerInstitutein1992.12

 Themajorityofmaitakeresearchdescribedabovehasbeenperformedusingitsbioactiveextract,namely“MaitakeD-fraction（PDF）”.ThisD-fractionorPDFistheprotein-boundpolysaccharideorproteoglucan,consistingofβ-glucan（eitherβ-1,6-linkedglucanwithβ-1,3branchesorβ-1,3-linkedglucanbranchedwithβ-1,6glucosides;seeFigure1）asamainpolysaccharidebackbonewhereafewuncharacterizedproteinunitsareattachedto.Inotherwords,PDFisnotapureformofβ-glucanthatisyetacoreconstituentbutisa“proteoglucan”havingbothβ-glucan（major）andprotein（minor）portions.Thisisahugeproteoglucanwithamolecularweightof∼1×106Daltons,3,13havingacid-insoluble,alkali-solubleandhotwater-extractablenature.3Inaddition,biologicalactivitiesofPDFhavebeenshowntostemprimarilyfromβ-glucan,whichwasthusconsideredabioactivecomponentofPDF.3,5,7,9-13Particularly,itstwomajorbiologicalactivities,suchasimmunomodulatoryandantitumoractivities,3,7,13havebeenwelldocumentedanditsclinicalandtherapeuticutilitiesareknown.

 ImmunomodulatoryactivityofPDF

Theinnateimmunesystemisthefirstlineofdefenseagainstmicrobialinvasion,whichimmediatelyrecognizesandcopesglucosewithsuchinfections.Althoughvariousβ-glucanshavebeenknowntocommonlyexhibitimmunomodulatoryactivityforalongtime,14suchunderlyingcellularandmolecularmechanismshavenotbeenfullydefinedbutwererecentlybeingunveiled.SincePDFhasacoreβ-glucanstructureforitsinherentbioactivities,allimmunomodulatoryactivitiesdemonstratedwithβ-glucanswouldbesubstantiallyrelevanttothoseexhibitedbyPDF.Suchimmunomodulationsbyβ-glucansincludemitogenecityandactivationofimmuneeffectorcellssuchaslymphocytes,macrophages,dendriticcells,andnaturalkiller（NK）cells,stimulatingtheproductionofvariouscytokinesandchemokinessuchasinterleukins（IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,IL-12etc.）,tumornecrosisfactor-α（TNF-α）,andinterferon-γ（IFN-γ）.15,16However,thefirststepintriggeringtheimmune-modulatingeffectsbyβ-glucansrequiresthespecificcellularreceptorsthatrecognizeandbindtothem.Infact,anumberof “β-glucanreceptors”havebeenidentifiedonbothimmuneandnonimmunecells,includingmacrophages,NKcells,monocytes,neutrophils,endothelialcells,fibroblasts,etc.17Thosereceptorsincludecomplementreceptor3（CR3）,lactosylceramide,scavengerreceptors,andDectin-1.18Particularly,Dectin-1appearstobethemostinterestingreceptor,predominantlyfoundonmacrophage/monocyteandneutrophillineages,andcanrecognizesolubleandparticulateβ-glucans.19Itthenmediatesavarietyofcellularimmune-modulatingeffects,suchasphagocytosis,endocytosis,andtheoxidativeburst,andalsoinducestheproductionofpro-inflammatorycytokines/chemokinesincludingTNF-α,IL-12,andmacrophage-inflammatoryprotein-2（MIP-2）18,20althoughtheycouldworkparadoxicallyinapositiveornegativemanner,dependingonmicroenvironmentswheretheyareregulatedorinteractwithcertain/specificfactors.Nevertheless,β-glucanswouldactivateawidevarietyofinnatehostdefenses,suchasprotectionagainstinfectionswithfungal,protozoal,bacterial,andviralpathogens,aswellasprevention/protectionagainstcancerdevelopment（carcinogenesis）.Thismaywellrepresenthowvariousβ-glucansorPDFwouldinducetheimmunomodulatoryeffects:

ie,bindingofβ-glucanstospecificreceptors,triggeringact