法律英语导读.docx

法律英语导读.docx

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法律英语导读

法律英语导读

（1）

　　SectionI:

HowCanThisBookHelpYou?

　　Justabouteveryoneistouchedinsomewaybyourcriminaljusticesystem.You,arelativeorafriendmaybearrestedandchargedwithacrime.Orperhapsyou'vebeenthevictimofone.Maybeyou'reateacher,socialworkerorcounselorwhoneedsclearanswerstopressingquestionssoyoucanhelpothersunderstandhowthecriminaljusticesystemworks.Thisbookisforallofyou,andforanyoneelsewhowantstounderstandalittlemoreaboutsuchgrippingmodern-daydramasastheO.J.Simpson,MenendezbrothersandTimothyMcVeightrials.

　　Thebookusesaneasy-to-understandquestion-and-answerformattoexplainthecriminaljusticesystem,insideandoutsidethecourtroom.Whencanapoliceofficermakeanarrest?

Isitagoodideatotalktothepolice?

Whodecideswhethertochargesomeonewithacrime,andwhatcrimetocharge?

Isself-representationeveragoodideaincriminalcases?

Shoulddefendantsconcealtheirguiltfromtheirattorneys?

Whatfactorsmightconvinceajudgetoreleaseajailedpersononlowbail—orwaivebailaltogether?

Theseareamongthehundredsofpracticalquestionsthebookaddresses.

　　1.WhoCanBenefitFromThisBook?

　　Manypeoplecanbenefitfromtheinformationinthisbook:

　　Ifyouareaccusedofacrime.Ifyouarefacingcriminalcharges,youshouldbecomeveryfamiliarwiththeinformationinthisbook,evenifyouhavealawyer.Yourcasebelongstoyou,nottoyourlawyer,andyouwillwanttobesavvyenoughaboutwhat'sgoingontointelligentlyparticipateinimportantdecisionsthatarelikelytoaffectitsoutcome.Themoreyouknow,themorelikelyitisthatyouwillreceivehighqualitylegalservices,becauseyouwillbeinapositiontoinsistthattheybeprovidedtoyou.

　　Defendants'familymembersandfriends.Ifsomeoneclosetoyoufacescriminalcharges,you'llwanttoknowwhatishappeningandhowyoucanbeofhelp.Doesitmatterwhetheryouarethereinthecourtroomwhenyourfriendorrelativeisarraigned?

Whatfactorsshouldyouconsiderifyouareaskedtopostbailorsignabailapplicationforsomeoneelse?

Howshouldyourespondifaskedforyouropinionbyyourfriendorrelativeonwhetherheorsheshouldpleadguiltyoraskforajurytrial?

Whattypesofsupportorcounselingcanyouproperlyofferafriendorrelativethroughouthisorhercriminalcase?

Knowingtheanswerstotheseandmanyotherquestionswillmakeyouabetterhelper.

　　Crimevictims.Untilrecentyears,crimevictimswerelargelyshutoutofthecriminaljusticeprocess.Nowvictimsoftenplaymoreactiveroles,forexample,byaddressingthejudgeatthetimeadefendantissentenced.Thus,ifyouareavictim,youtoowillwanttounderstandhowtheprocessworksandwhereintheprocessyoucanexpecttohaveanimpactonhowthecaseisprosecuted.

　　Concernedcitizens.HaveyoueverwatchedatrialonTVandwantedtoknowwhatallthemumbo-jumboisabout?

Complainedaboutthecostsassociatedwithcrime?

Beencalledforjuryduty?

Whateverpromptsyourinterest,thecriminaljusticesystembelongstoyou.Youhavearighttoknowhowitworks.Theinformationinthisbooktellsyouwhatyouneverlearnedinhighschoolcivics.

　　本节常用法律术语：

　　1、criminaljusticesystem刑事司法系统

　　2、arrestvt.n逮捕

　　3、chargewith控告

　　4、crimen.犯罪,犯罪行为

　　5、victimn.受害人,受害者

　　6、counselorn.顾问,法律顾问

　　7、trialn审讯,审判

　　8、courtroomn.法庭,审判室

　　9、policeofficern.警官,警员

　　10、self-representation自己辩护，自我辩护

　　11、defendantn.被告

　　12、attorney[简明英汉词典]n.<美>律师,（业务或法律事务上的）代理人

　　13、judgen.法官,审判员,裁判员

　　14、bailn.保释,保证金,保证人

　　15、lawyern.律师

　　16、legaladj.法律的,法定的,合法

　　17、arraignvt.提审,传讯,责难

　　18、pleadguilty服罪，认罪

　　19、jurytrial陪审团审判

　　20、prosecute起诉

　　2.IsThisBookaStep-by-StepGuidetoSelf-RepresentationinCriminalCases?

　　No.Thebookisinnowayintendedasadetailedguidetoself-representation.Itis,however,intendedtoempowercriminaldefendantsbyhelpingthemunderstandeveryphaseofthecriminaljusticeprocessandwhattypesofdefensesandstrategiesareavailabletothem.

　　Exceptforthosewhoarechargedwithveryminoroffenses,defendantsalmostalwayswillbenefitfromtheadviceandcounselofattorneysknowledgeableaboutthelawandtheinsandoutsofthecourtwherethecasewillbeheard.Thebasicreasonswhyself-representationisusuallynotadvisableincriminalcasesinclude:

　　·Incriminalcases,defendantsareupagainstthepowerandresourcesofthegovernment.Individualdefendantsarenomatchforthepoliceofficersandprosecutorswhoworkinthesystemeveryday.

　　·Thestakesareoftenhighincriminalcases.Aconvictionmayentailastifffine,imprisonment,lossofemploymentandotherpenalties,suchasdeportation（ofanoncitizen）andthelossoftherighttovoteandpossessafirearm.

　　·Judges,prosecutorsandjurorsarelikelytobeprejudicedagainstself-representingdefendants.Suchdefendantsarelikelytobeseenasguilty''headcases''whoareaddingtotheirsinsbytryingtodisruptthejudicialsystem.

　　·Lawsandcourtpractices,theknowledgeofwhichisrequiredforasuccessfuloutcome,oftenare"hidden"inappellatecourtrulingsandunwrittenpolicieswhichcannoteasilyberesearched.

　　Whiletheinformationinthebookwillnodoubtassistthosedefendantswhochooseself-representation,theauthorsassumethatthosefacingcriminalchargesforwhichjailorprisonisapossibilityarerepresentedbyanattorney,eitherprivatelyretainedorappointedatgovernmentexpense.

　　本节常用法律术语：

　　1、minoroffenses轻罪

　　2、prosecutorn.检察官

　　3、convictionn宣告有罪

　　4、fine罚金

　　5、imprisonment监禁

　　6、deportationn遣返，驱逐出境

　　7、righttovote投票权

　　8、firearmn.枪支

　　9、jurorn.陪审员

　　10、appellatecourt上诉法院

　　11、retain雇用，付费雇用（例如律师）

　　本期的问题：

　　1.mumbo-jumbo繁文缛节

　　2.headcases首要委托人

法律英语导读

（2）

　　ComparisonofFederalandStateSystems联邦和州刑事司法系统比较

　　Mostcriminalprosecutionstakeplaceinstatecourts.Thechartbelowhighlightssomeofthekeydifferencesbetweenstateandfederalcriminalsystems.

　　·Jurisdiction（"power"todecidecases，管辖权）.Astatehaspoweroverdefendantswhoviolatethelawsofthatstate.Thefederalgovernmenthaspoweroverdefendantswhocommitcriminalactsonfederalproperty（forexample,anassaultinapostoffice）orwhosecriminalactscrossstatelines（forexample,akidnappertransportsavictimfromIowatoMissouri）.Astateandthefederalgovernmentcanhave"concurrent"poweroveradefendantwhenthesamecriminalactivityviolatesbothstateandfederallaws.Inthosesituations,stateandfederalprosecutorsmakecase-by-casedecisionsastowhetheradefendantwillbeprosecutedinstateorfederalcourt.

　　·PoliceOfficers（警官）.Typicalstatepoliceofficersarecountysheriffsandcitypoliceofficers.TypicalfederalpoliceofficersareagentsoftheFBIandDEA（DrugEnforcementAdministration）.

　　·Prosecutors（检察官）.FederalcriminalprosecutionsarehandledbyUSAttorneys,whoareappointedbyandareultimatelyresponsibletotheUSAttorneyGeneral.Stateprosecutors,manyofwhomareelectedonacountywidebasis,carryavarietyoftitles;commononesaredistrictattorney,state'sattorneyandcityattorney.

　　·DefenseAttorneys（辩护律师）.Mostcriminaldefendantsqualifyforgovernment-paiddefenseattorneys.Government-paidattorneysareusuallyemployedeitherbyanofficeoftheFederalPublicDefenderoracounty'sPublicDefenderoffice.（Forinformationaboutthedifferencesbetweengovernment-paidandprivatelyretaineddefenseattorneys,seeChapter7.）

　　·TrialCourts（审判法院）.MostfederalcriminalprosecutionsoccurinUnitedStatesDistrictCourts.Statecourtscarrysuchtitlesas''superiorcourt（最高法院）,""municipalcourt（市法院）,""policecourt（治安法院）"or''countycourt（县法院）,"dependingonthestateandtheseriousnessofcriminalcharges.

　　·Judges（法官）.FederaltrialjudgesareknownasDistrictCourtJudges（联邦地区法院法官）;theyareappointedforlifebythePresidentsubjecttoconfirmation（确认、批准）bytheUSSenate.Statecourtjudgesaretypicallyinitiallyappointedbygovernors（州长，现在我们各省的省长也用这个词了）andthenaresubjecttoelectioneveryfewyears.StatecourttrialjudgescarrysuchtitlesasSuperiorCourtJudge,MunicipalCourtJudgeand（inNewYork）SupremeCourtJudge.InbothStateandFederalcourts,"magistrates"maypresideoverpretrialhearingssuchasbailhearings,aswellaslessseriouscriminaltrials.

　　·All-Purposevs.SpecializedJudges（全能法官与专门法官）.Federalcourtsusethe"all-purposejudge"system.Thismeansthatthesamejudgealmostalwayspresidesoveracasefrombeginningtoend—thatis,fromadefendant'sfirstcourtappearancetofinalacquittalorsentencing.Somestatesalsofollowtheall-purposejudgemodel.Inmanystates,however,judgesarespecialized.Forexample,onejudgemaydeterminebail（seeChapter5）,anotherjudgemayhearpretrialmotions（seeChapter19）andathirdjudgemaypresideoveratrial（seeChapter21）.

　　本节常用法律术语：

　　1、property[英汉法学大词典]n.财产,财产权,物业,无形资产，常说的物业管理翻译成propertymanagement。

　　2、kidnapper[英汉法学大词典]n.绑匪,绑架者,诱拐者,注意kidnap英文的意思是Toseizeanddetainunlawfullyandusuallyforransom，或者这样解释Thetakingawayofanindividualagainsthiswill.Thetermisusuallyappliedtoinstancesinwhichransomisdemandedforthereturnofthekidnappedperson.这里并不需要绑匪有要赎金的意思。

　　3、FBIandDEA美国联邦调查局和麻醉品管制局，关于DEA有各种译法，关键是对其职能的理解出现了偏差，WIKIPEDIA的解释为TheDrugEnforcementAdministration（DEA）isaUnitedStatesDepartmentofJusticelawenforcementagencytaskedwithsuppressingthesaleofrecreationaldrugsbyenforcingtheControlledSubstancesActof1970.Itsharesconcurrentjurisdictionwitht