注意力缺陷障碍成年人的空间工作记忆和策略形成的研究毕业论文外文翻译.docx

注意力缺陷障碍成年人的空间工作记忆和策略形成的研究毕业论文外文翻译.docx

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注意力缺陷障碍成年人的空间工作记忆和策略形成的研究毕业论文外文翻译

Spatialworkingmemoryandstrategyformationinadultsdiagnosedwithattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder

1.Introduction

Workingmemoryisdefinedasacognitivesystemthatprovidestemporarystorageandmanipulationoftheinformationnecessaryforactivitiessuchasreasoning,languagecomprehensionandlearning（Baddeley,1992）.Thisprocessrequirestheabilitytoholdinformation‘‘on-line’’duringabrieftimeuntiladecisionandsubsequentresponseismade（Goldman-Rakic,1990）.Ithasbeenpostulatedthatthereisadissociationbetweenbasicmemorialrequirementsoftasksandtheirexecutivecomponentswhichcontrolresponseselection,e.g.theadoptionofanoverallstrategyorplan,ortheutilizationofspecificattentionalinhibitorymechanisms.Thusperformanceisdeterminedbytwofactors,onerelatedtoshort-termspatialmemoryandtheothertostrategicfactors（Robbins,1996）.Severalstudieshaveshownthatspatialworkingmemorydeficitsinpatientswithfrontallobeexcisionsmayberelatedtotheinefficientuseofaparticularsearchstrategy（Miotto,Bullock,Polkey,&Morris,1996;Owen,Downes,Sahakian,Polkey,&Robbins,1990;Owen,Morris,Sahakian,Polkey,&Robbins,1996）.Thissuggeststhatpartofthedeficitmayarisefromexecutivefailureanduseofastrategycanreducetheloadonmemorycausedbyinterferencefrompreviouschoices.

SpatialworkingmemorydeficitshavebeenfoundinstudiescomparingADHDandnormalchildren（Karatekin&Asarnow,1998;Gorenstein,Mammato,&Sandy,1989;Shue&Douglas,1992）.However,moststudieshavenotconsideredwhetherdeficitsinspatialworkingmemorymaybeaccountedforbyproblemswithstrategyformation.Theimportanceofstrategyhasbeenconsideredinotherneurologicalorpsychiatricdisorders.Forexample,strategyformationimpairmenthasbeenshowntobelinkedtospatialworkingmemoryimpairmentpatientswithfrontalexcisions（Miottoetal.,1996）butnotforpatientswithAspergersSyndrome（Morrisetal.,1999）.

ThecurrentstudyexploresspatialworkingmemorydeficitsandstrategyimpairmentofADHDadultsusingthecomputerisedExecutiveGolftask（cf.Feigenbaum,Polkey,&Morris,1996）,adevelopmentofthespatialworkingmemorytaskdesignedbyMorrisetal.（1988）.WorkingmemoryisofrelevanceintheinvestigationofadultADHDbecauseitisthoughttobeparticularlyimpairedinrelationtoothertypesofpsychiatricdisordersthathaveassociatedneuropsychologicaldeficits（Gallagher&Blader,2001）.ThishasbeenexploredinapreviousstudybyDowsonetal.（2004）usingadifferenttaskbutasimilarmethodology.IntheDowsonetal.（2004）studytheCANTABmethodofmeasuringspatialworkingmemoryinvolvesanarrayofspatiallocationsonascreeninwhichtheparticipanthastoavoidgoingbacktopreviouslysuccessfullocations.Theyfoundimpairmentsonreturnerrorsandassociatedpoorstrategywhenconductingthetasks.TheExecutiveGolftaskismoreakintoareallifeactivityinthat,aswellmeasuringspatialworkingmemoryitsimulatesa‘gameofgolf’,theparticipantsearchingforplacesinwhicha‘golfer’ispredictedtoputtaball,avoidingreturningtotheseplacesduringsubsequentsearches.Thegolfholesarepresentedusingthreedimensionalcomputergraphicswiththe‘golfer’presentedinthedistance.Thetaskhasagame-likeformat,withthe‘golfer’puttingtheballsintothegolfholeswhenacorrectgolfholehasbeenselectedbythe‘golfer.’Performancecanbeimprovedusingthestrategyoffollowingapredeterminedsearchsequence,beginningwithaparticularplaceandreturningtothesameplaceforeverynewsearchsequence.TheaimofthestudywastoinvestigatewhetherpatientswithADHDhadaspatialworkingmemorydeficitinadulthoodandtoestablishwhetherthedeficitpersistedifameasureofstrategyformationwascovariedintheanalysis.ItwashypothesisedthatADHDpatientswouldmakeagreaternumberoferrorsinrelationtoreturningtopreviouslysuccessfullocations（i.e.betweensubjecterrors）,andthatthisdeficitwouldincreasewithtaskdifficulty.

2.Methodology

2.1.Participants

Thestudyincluded27（21male,6female）adultADHDpatientsattheMaudsleyHospital,LondonUK.AllpatientsmettheDSM-IVcriteriaforADHDfollowingafullADHDassessment（seeYoung&Toone,2000）.Theassessmentincludedacomprehensivepsychiatricevaluationwhichincludedasemi-structuredinterviewbasedontheDSM-IVcriteriaforADHD.Eachpositiveself-ratinghadtobeendorsedbytheassessoronthebasisofsupplementaryquestioningorotherinformation（e.g.documentation）.AdditionallyaparentwasinterviewedtoestablishwhethertherewasahistoryofADHDfeaturesduringearlychildhood（i.e.beforetheageof7）.Thisjudgementwasbaseduponanunstructuredinterviewalthoughinaddition,and