医学英语消化系统.docx

医学英语消化系统.docx

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医学英语消化系统

MedicalEnglish

Digestivesystem

（Gastrointestinaltract,Gl）

消化系统

Fang,Xiaoyi（Judy）房晓祎

DepartmentofPediatrics,FirstAffiliatedHospitalof

ShantouUniversityMedicalCollege

objectives

•Remembertherootspertainingtothedigestivesystem

•Describethestructuresandfunctionsoftheorgansindigestivesystem

•Describethedigestiveprocessofthefood

•KnowcommonsymptomsandsignsoftheGltractdiseases

•Knowseveralcommondisordersofdigestivesystem

Relatedroots

•oro-,stoma-,stomato:

stomatic,tothemouth口的

•esophago-:

esophageal,totheesophagus食道的

•gastro-:

gastric,tothestomach胃的

•chole-:

biliary,tothebile胆汁的

•cholecysto-:

tothegallbladder胆囊的

•hapato-:

hapatic,totheliver肝的

•spleno-:

splenic,tothespleen脾的

•laparo-,abdomino-:

laparal,abdominal腹的

•entero-,intestino-:

intestinal,totheintestine小肠的

•duodeno-:

duodenal,totheduodenum十二扌旨肠的

•jejuno-:

jejunal,tothejejunum空肠的

•ileo-:

ileal,totheileum回肠的

•colo-:

colonic,tothecolon结肠的

•procto-:

totherectum直肠的

TheDigestiveSystem

Thedigestivesystemconsistsoforgansthatbreakdownfoodintocomponentsthatthebodyusesforenergyandforbuildingandrepairingcellsandtissues.

Abdominalregions

HC:

hypochondriacregions季肋区U:

umbilicalregion脐区

E:

epigastricregion上腹部RIF,LIF:

rightandleftiliacfossae骼窝

L:

lumbarregions腰部HG:

hypogastricregion下腹部

UpperGltract:

一mouth-Chewingandsecretionofsalivaryenzymes

一（o）esophagus-thelongtubebetweenthemouthandthestomach.Itusesrhythmicmusclemovements（calledperistalsis）toforcefoodfromthethroatintothestomach.“gullet”

一stomach-asackJike，muscularorganthatisattachedtotheesophagus・Bothchemicalandmechanicaldigestiontakesplaceinthestomach.Theentranceiscardia（贲l、j）andtheexitis

pylorus（幽门）.

一duodenum-thefirstpartofthesmallintestinerunsfromthestomachtothejejunum.

•LowerGltract:

-Smallintestines:

•jejunum空肠

•ileum回肠

一Largeintestines:

•cecum盲肠andappendix阑尾

•Colon结肠：

ascending,transverse,descendingandsigmoidcolon

•rectum直肠

•anus肛门

•Accessorystructures:

-salivaryglands-glandslocatedinthemouththatproducesalivathatcontainsenzymesthatbreakdowncarbohydrates（starch淀粉）.

-liver-alargeorganlocatedaboveandtotherightofthestomach.Itfilterstoxinsfromtheblood,andmakesbileandsomebloodproteins・

-gallbladder胆囊-asmall,sac-likeorganlocatedbythe

duodenum.Itstoresandreleasesbileintothesmall

intestine.

-pancreas-anenzyme-producingglandlocatedbelowthestomachandabovetheintestines.Enzymesfromthepancreashelpinthedigestionofcarbohydrates,fatsandproteinsinthesmallintestines.

一AmpullaofVater瓦特氏壶腹

•Specialterminologies:

一peristalsis一rhythmic,wavelikemusclemovementsthatpropelsfoodalongthegutbythecoordinatedcontractionofmuscleinoneareaandrelaxationinthenext.Peristalsisisinvoluntary-youcannotcontrolit.Itisalsowhatallowsyoutoeatanddrinkwhileupsidedown.

一chyme・foodinthestomachthatispartlydigestedandmixedwithstomachacids・Chymegoesontothesmallintestineforfurtherdigestion.

Adjectiveformoftheterms

MouthEsophagusStomachCardiaPylorusLiverDuodenumJejunumIleumCecum^MColonRectumAnusAppendixAbdomenSalivaBilePancreas

•Oral

•Esophageal

•Gastric

•Cardiac

•Pyloric

•Hepatic

•Duodenal

•Jejunal

•Ileal

•Cecal

•Colonic

•Rectal

•Anal

•Appendical

•Abdominal

•Salivary

•Biliary

•Pancreatic

CD

FunctionsoftheGTtract

1.Digestionoffood:

/masticationinthemouth

/swallowingthroughthethroat

/mixinginthestomachandsmallintestine,

/enzymaticdigestioninthestomachandsmallintestine

/absorptionbythestomach,smallintestineandlargeintestine

FunctionsoftheGTtract

2.Motility:

/Peristalsisandmassmovementthroughoutgut

3.Storageoffoodwastes:

/Inthestomach,sigmoidcolonandrectum

4.Excretion:

/Defecationthroughtherectumandanus

FunctionsoftheGTtract

5.Secretion:

/Exocrine,endocrineandparacrinesecretionsthroughouttheglandsintheGltractandpancreasandliver

6.Defence:

/Gastricacidsecretionthroughstomach;

“Mucussecretionthroughoutgut;

/ImmuneresponsebyPeyer5spatchesandmacrophagesinmucosa;

/SecretionofIgAthroughthemucosalsecretions

How

does

It

work

digestionoffood

Howdoesitwork?

•Foodisingestedbymouthandchewedbyteeth.Itpassesdownthethroat,downthroughtheesophagus,andintothestomach,wherefoodcontinuestobebrokendownbytheacidsandenzymes.

•Thepartiallydigestedfood（chyme）passesintotheduodenum（firstpartofthesmallintestine）.

•Thejejunumandileumarealsopartofthesmallintestine,wherethefoodisfullydigestedandthenutrientsareabsorbedintotheblood.

•Theliver,thegallbladder,andthepancreasproduceenzymesandsubstancesthathelpwithdigestioninthesmallintestine.

•Thelastsectionofthedigestivetractisthelargeintestine,whichineludesthececum,colon,andrectum.Theappendixisabranchofthelargeintestine.Someofthewaterareabsorbedhere.

•Indigestibleremainsoffoodareexpelledthroughtheanus.

exercise

•Pointouttheorgansinthediagramandtellusitsfunctions

teeth

epiglottis

liver

gallbladder

commonbileduct

colon

appendix

1

4

8

9

10

13

14

2

3

5

6

7

11

12

15

salivaryglandtongueesophagusstomachduodenumpancreassmallintestinerectum

CommonSymptomsandSignsof

GTbisorders

•Symptoms:

-abdominalpain,nausea,vomiting,heartburn胃灼热,dyspepsia消化不良,anorexia食欲减退,regurgitation反流，belching/burping暧气，bloatingWIK,dysphagia吞卩因困难，passageofgas排气，constipation便秘,diarrhea腹泻，hematemesis呕血，melena黑便，tarrystools木白油样便，bloodystools/hematochezia/hemafeciaffl>5massprotrudingfromtheanus肛门突出物

•Signs:

一abdominaltenderness压痛，palpationofmass,peritonealsigns:

reboundtenderness反跳痛andguarding肌卫;jaundice黄疸，hepatomegaly肝夭

CommonGlDisorders

•Gastritis胃炎

•Pepticulcer消化性溃疡

•Constipation便秘

•Diarrhea腹泻

•Gallstones,cholelithiasis胆石症

・Hepal•汁is肝炎

・Jaundice黄疸

•Hypertrophicpyloricstenosis肥厚性幽门狭窄

•Intestinalobstruction肠梗阻

•Acuteappendicitis急性阑尾炎

•CancerofGItract消化道肿瘤

•AcuteorchronicInflammationofthestomach;

•Acutegastritisisalmostalwayscausedbydrugs（suchasaspirin）orbychemicals（suchasalcohol）causingchemicalexfoliationofthesurfaceepithelialcellsanddecreasingthesecretionofprotectivemucus.

•Chronicgastritisisthechronicinflammatorychangesinthemucosacauseatrophyandepithelialmetaplasia化生.

-TypeA:

autoimmune

-TypeB:

bacterialinfection（He//cobacferpylori,H.pylori,HP,幽门螺旋杆菌）

-TypeC:

reflux

symptomsandsignsofgastritis

Agnawingorburningacheorpain（indigestion）intheupperabdomen

Nausea,vomiting

Lossofappetite

Belching打嗝,bloating胃胀

AfeelingoffullnessinupperabdomenaftereatingWeightloss

Acutegastritisoccurssuddenlyandismorelikelyto

causenauseaandburningpainordiscomfortinupper

abdomen.

•Chronicgastritisdevelopsgraduallyandismorelikelytocauseadullpainandafeelingoffullnessorlossofappetiteafterafewbitesoffood.

Pepticulcer消化性溃疡

•Apepticulcerisasoreorholeintheliningofthegastrointestinaltract,whichusuallyoccursinthestomachortheduodenum.

•Mostofthetime,thisiscausedbyinfectionwithH・pylori.

-Gastriculcer,GU胃溃疡，

-Duodenalulcer,DU十二指肠溃疡

TheSymptomsofthepepticulcer

•Burning（heartburn）orgnawingpainintheupperabdomenthatimprovesaftereatingbutreturnsafewhourslaterorinthemiddleofthenight

•Achangeinappetitewithweightgainorweightloss

•Nauseaorvomiting

•Frequentburping暧气orbloating胃胀

•Dyspepsia

TheSymptomsofthepepticulcer

•thesignsofamoreseriouscondition:

perforation$孑匚hemorrhage出血

一Sharp,sudden,persistentstomachpain

一Hemafecia便血:

Bloodyorblackstools,tarrystools,melena黑粪

一Hematemesis卩区血:

Bloodyvomitorvomitthatlookslikecoffeegroundsfluids咖啡渣样液

一（hemoptysis咯血，emptysis）

Constipation便秘

•Havinginfrequentbowelmovements

•Onecanhelppreventconstipationby:

一Drinkingplentyoffluids

一Eatingadietthatishighinfiber

一Exercising

一Notholdingyourstool

•Ifconstipationcontinues,doctormaysuggestusingalaxative缓泻药・

Diarrhea腹泻

•Passageofexcessivelyliquidorexcessivelyfrequentstools

•Itmaybeinfectiveornoninfective.

•Gastroenteritis:

H肠炎

-Viruses:

Rotavirus,RV,轮状病毒

一Bacteria:

Escherichiacoli/E.coli大肠杆菌

一Parasites:

Entamoebahistolytica阿米巴原虫

一Fungi:

Candidaalbicans白色念珠菌

•Non-infectivediarrhea

一incorrectfeeding,inappropriateantibioticsusage,lactoseintolerance乳癮不耐受

Complications

Dehydration脱水：

•Abnormallylowwatercontentinthebody

Complications

Disturbancesofelectrolytesandacid-basebalance电解质、酸碱平衡紊乱：

（K:

Potassium,Na:

Sodium,Cl:

Chlorine,

Ca:

Calcium,Mg:

Magnesium,HCO3~bicarbonate）一Hypo/Hyperkalemia低钾血症/高钾血症

低氯血症低钙血症

-Hypo/Hypernatremia低钠血症/高钠血症一Hypochloremia

-Hypocalcemia

-Acidosis/Alkalosis酸中毒/碱中毒

（metabolic/respiratory彳弋谢性/呼吸性）

Gallstones胆结石

•Cholelithiasis胆石症

•Gallstonesareclustersofsolidmaterialthatforminthegallbladder.

•Themostcommontypeismademostlyofcholesterol胆固醇.

•Gallstonesmayoccurasonelargestoneorasmanysmallones.Theyvaryinsizeandmaybeaslargeasagolfballorassmallasagrainofsand.

TheSymptomsofGallstones

•Severepainintheupperabdomenthatstartssuddenlyandlastsfrom30minutestomanyhours

•Painundertherightshoulderorintherightshoulderblade

•Nauseaorvomiting

•Indigestionaftereatinghigh-fatfoods,suchasfriedfoodsordesserts

Hepat汁is肝炎

•isaninflammation