英语专八人文知识专题训练1.docx

英语专八人文知识专题训练1.docx

《英语专八人文知识专题训练1.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语专八人文知识专题训练1.docx（45页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

英语专八人文知识专题训练1

UNIT4人文知识专题训练

1.英国文学史纲要总结

OutlineoftheHistoryoftheEnglishLiterature

5thcenturyB.C.TheearliestinhabitantsoftheBritishislands—Celtics,onetribeofwhich,Bretons,invadedtheGreatBritainandsettledtherefornearly500years.

55B.C.RomanconquestbyJuliusCaesarbroughttheancientromanticculture.

TheAnglo-Saxons—abranchoftheGermanictribeexpelledtheCelticstotheremoteareasofthenorthandthewest.TheirmothertonguewastheprototypeofthemodernEnglish.EnglandmeansthedwellingsoftheAnglos.

Thelatterhalfofthe7thcenturyThefirstpoetoftheBritain—Caedmanwasborn.

Around8thcenturyThefirstwell-preservedepic—Beowulfemerged.

9thcenturyKingAlfred’sreigngreatlyenhancedthedevelopmentoftheEnglishculture.

1057ScottishkingMacbethdied.Severalhundredsyearslater,Shakespearecreatedthefamoustragedywithhimastheprotagonist.

1066Normanconquest.Asaresult,FrenchreplacedEnglishastheofficiallanguageanddominatedtheliterarycreation.TheresumptionoftheEnglishasthemainlyusedlanguagewasaftertheEnglishandFrenchCenturialWar300yearslater.

I.Anglo-Saxonperiod.

Epic:

“Beowulf”—Beowulf,ahero,killedGrendel,aseamonster（thoughttobetheoffspringofCain,firstmurdererintheGenesis.Itsartisticforms,suchaskenningandalliterationhadagreatinfluenceuponthepoetsthatfollowed.

Layamon’s“Brut”recordedthelegendsofKingArthuranditwasalsoanimportantsignoftheresumptionoftheEnglishlanguage.

II.Medievalperiod.

A.GeoffreyChaucer:

“TheCanterburyTales”,acollectionofshortstoriesdepictingrealisticallythepanoramaof14thcenturyEngland.Hisstyleofwritingwasfluentandhumorous,andhisthoughtsevensurpassedhiscontemporaries.Hissharpperceptionofhumannatureisthebasiccauseofhispermanentcharmandpopularity.

B.Somemajoreventsinthe15thcenturycontributingtotheRenaissance:

a.ReligiousreformledbyMartinLutherinGermanyandJohnCalvininFrancebrokethedarkcloudsofthemedievalEuropeanddestroyedthemanaclesofreligiononpeople’sthoughtsandspirits.

b.ThedemiseoftheEasterRomanEmpire,asaresultofthefalloftheConstantinople,forcedmanyGreekscholarfleetotheItalywiththeremnantantiques.TheseartistictreasuresoftheancientGreeceandRomanactedavitalroleintherenaissanceoftheculturerepresentedbythem.

c.TypographypromotedthestudyoftheclassicliteratureinItalyandGermany.ThethenEnglishbusinessmanWilliamCaxtonbroughtthistechniquetoEnglandashetradedinEurope,anditalsogreatlyspeededuptheEnglishrenaissance.

d.Henry8thwasatyrantbuthisdivorcewithwifeendedupinthesplitoftheAnglicanChurchwiththeRomanCatholicChurchandresultedinthereligiousreformoftheAnglicanism.HekilledThomasMoore,theauthorofUtopia.（iambicpentameter

a.ThomasWyatt:

introducedthesonnetsfromItalytoEngland.withnorhyme）

III.Elizabethanperiod.b.EarlofSurrey:

reformedthefeetofsonnetsandintroducedtheblankverse.

A.Poetryinitiatedby4menc.PhilipSidney:

thefirstworkonthetheoryofclassicliterarycriticism“TheApologieforPoetrie”（诗辩）andromance“Arcadia”.

atheism1stblankverseindramad.EdmundSpenser:

called“thepoet’spoet”,spenserianstanza,“TheShepherd’sCalendar”（牧人日记）,“TheFaerieQueene”（仙后）.

B.Drama.a.JohnLyly,“Euphues”,“Euphuism”（尤非依斯体）,artificialandornate.

Universitywits.b.RobertGreenehadajealousyforShakespeare.“TamburlainetheGreat”“EdwardII”

c.ChristopherMarlowe:

mostgiftedoftheUniversitywits“DoctorFaustus”“TheJewofMalta”

d.Shakespeare:

masterofdrama.Keenperceptionoflife.

C.Prose.FrancisBacon:

Thefounderofmodernscience.“Essays”,“NewInstrument”（NovumOrganum）,“Advancementoflearning”.

D.BenJonson:

prolificdramatist,“EveryManinHisHumor”,“Volpone”.PoetLaureateofJamesI.

IV.17thcentury（theGloriousRevolution,theRestoration）

A.Drama:

bolddepictionoftheextravagantlifeofthenobles.

B.Poetry:

JohnDryden,MetaphysicalpoetJohnDonne,JohnMilton

a.JohnDryden:

PoetLaureate,FounderofEnglishliterarycriticism.Followingthestandardsofclassicism,heestablishedtheheroiccoupletastheprincipalEnglishverseforms,clarifiedtheEnglishproseandmadeitprecise,concise,andflexible,andraisedtheEnglishliterarycriticismtoanewlevel.Poem,“AbsalomandAchitophel”,Prose,“AnEssayofDramaticPoesy”.

b.MetaphysicalPoetryandJohnDonne.Characterizedbymysticismincontentandfantasticalityinform.CalledbySamuelJohnson.“TheFlea”,“Meditations”,imaginative,philosophicalandmeditative.

c.JohnMilton:

spokesmanoftherevolution.“ParadiseLost”,“ParadiseRegained”,“SamsonAgonistes”.

C.JohnBunyan:

“ThePilgrim’sProgress”,areligiousallegorycriticizingthesocialtrendoftherestorationperiodandalsoadisclosureoftheevilnessofeverysociety,withapopularspeechennobledbythesolemndignityandsimplicityofthelanguageoftheEnglishBible.Thackeray’s“VanityFair”namedafteraplacementionedinthisbook.

V.18thcentury（ageofreasonandenlightenment）

A.Theorist:

JohnLocke:

a.“ConcerningHumanUnderstanding”,emphasizingtheimportanceofthesenseasameansofgainingknowledgeandthesignificanceofreasoninunderstandingtheworld.

b.Menarebornkind.Theyhavetherighttopursuehappinessandtheobligationtobringbenefitstothesociety.

Menarenaturallyequalandtheycanprotecttheirrightbysocialcontract.Nationisakindofsocialcontract.

B.Poetry:

twotrends:

classicism（major）andpre-romanticism（minor）.

classicisma.AlexanderPope:

studentofDryden.weakinbody.Advocatedclassicismandimitationofthe

inheritedfromworkofancientGreeceandRome.Proposedthatpoetsshoulddepictgraciousandbeautiful

JohnDrydenthingsandhaveaneleganttaste.“EssayonCriticism”,gaveadetailedexpositionoftheprinciplesoftheclassicpoems.Culminationinclassicismandheroiccouplet.“EssayonMan”,“TheRapeoftheLock”,fullofreasonwithouttheexpressionofemotion.

b.WilliamCowper:

“TheTask”,forerunnerofthenaturalpoems.withromanticfeelings.

c.GeorgeCrabbe:

employingtheclassicformstodepictthemiserablerurallife.“TheVillage”.

pre-

romanticisma.EdwardYoung:

“TheComplaintsorNightThoughts,onlife,Death,andImmortality.”

pavedb.JamesThomson:

“TheSeasons”,apurelovefornature.

thewayc.ThomasGray:

“AnElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard”,sadintoneandrefinedinstyle.

forthed.McPherson:

“ThePoemsofOssian”

romantice.WilliamBlake:

“TheTiger”,“SongsofInnocence”and“SongsofExperiences”.mysticism,

periodrevolutionarypassion.astronglikenessbetweenShellyandBlakeintheimageryandsymbolism.

f.RobertBurns:

usingScottishdialecttoexpresshisfeelings.“Poems,ChieflyintheScottishDialect”,“ARed,RedRose”,“ForA’ThatandA’That”（穷得有志气）,“JohnBarleyCorn”,“MyHeart’sintheHighlands”.（includingGoldsmithasthepoet“sentimentalist”）

C.Prose:

JosephAddisonandRichardSteele:

“TheTatler”,“TheSpectator”,makingagreatcontributiontothecultivationofgoodmannersoftheEnglishnation.

D.Fiction:

a.DanielDefoe:

ThefatheroftheEuropeanandEnglishfiction.vividlanguage.“RobinsonCrusoe”,“MollFlanders”,“Roxana”.

b.JonathanSwift:

mostruthlessinsatiricalandironicwriting.“TaleofaTub”,lashingthedeviationoftheBiblebytheRomanCatholicChurchandLutheranismandCalvinism.“AModestProposal”,disclosingthecrueltyoftheBritishgovernmenttowardIrishpeople.“Gulliver’sTravels”,masterpiece,givinganunparalleledsatiricaldepictionofthevicesofhisage.

c.HenryFielding:

systematicallyproposedthetheoryofrealisticnovelwritingandputitintopractice,presentingthetruefactsofthe18thcenturyEnglishsociety.asfictionwriter,“TomJones”,“JosephAndrews”,“Amelia”,“JonathanWild”,elevatingtheauthor,asthenarratortothelevelofGodandalsodisplayingoptimism.asplaywright,“HistoricalRegister”.

d.SamuelRichardson:

fatheroftheepistolarynovel,“Pamela”,basedon“Arcadia”,“Clarissa”,and“SirCharlesGrandison”.

e.TobiasGeorgeSmollett:

“picaresquenovels”,humorousandrefined.“RoderickRandom”,“PeregrinePickle”,“HumphryClinkper”.

f.LaurenceSterne:

“TheTristramShandy”,mainlyargumentsandfantasiesaboutphilosophyandmoral,originalinthattheauthorusedatechniquelike“steamofconsciousness”.

E.Drama

a.OliverGoldsmith:

thoughcalled“poorgoldy”bypeers,hehadaromanticspiritwhichalsoearnedhimaname“sentimentalist”.poems,“TheDesertedVillage”,“TheTraveller”.masterpiecenovel,“TheVicarofWakefield”,drama,“TheGood-NaturedMan”,“SheStoopstoConquer”.

b.RichardBrinsleySheridan:

“TheRivals”,“TheSchoolforScandal”,repudiatingthehighsocietyforitsvanityhasbeenregardedasthebestplaysinceShakespeare.

F.Essay

a.SamuelJohnson:

lexicographer,poetandgreatcritic.“ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage”.“London”,“TheVanitiesofHumanWishes”,“LifeofRichardSavage”,“Irene”,“Rasselas”.editedtwoperiodicals“TheRambler”and“TheIdler”.became“thegreatchamofliterature”,andfoundedthefamousLiteraryClub.

VI.Romanticperiod（Frenchrevolution,“LyricalBallads”抒情歌谣集asthesign,utilitarianism功利主义.）

A.Poetry:

a.WilliamWordsworth:

hasastrongworshipfornature,simplicityandpurityofthelanguage,“LyricalBallads”withColeridge,“IntimationsofImmortality”永生悟颂,“TinternAbbey”,“TheDaffodils”,“WeAreSeven”,“TheExcursion”,“ThePrelude”,（autobiographical）.

Lakeb.SamuelTaylorColeridge:

hasmadereforms