工作满意度指标及其相关因素外文翻译可编辑.docx

工作满意度指标及其相关因素外文翻译可编辑.docx

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工作满意度指标及其相关因素外文翻译可编辑

工作满意度指标及其相关因素外文翻译

外文翻译

JobSatisfactionIndicatorsandTheirCorrelates

MaterialSource:

AmericanBehavioralscientistAuthor:

StanleyE.

Seashore

Conceptionsofjobsatisfactionuntilveryrecentlyhavebeen

largelypsychologicalandindividualistic

inorientation.Empirical

studieshavebeenconfinedtolocalsituationsorspecialpopulationswith

interpretivepurposesreflectingthevaluesofemployedindividualsor

oftheirmanagers.However,ifjobsatisfactionmeasuresaretobeuseful

inmonitoringthequalityofemploymentonasocietalscale,itwillbe

necessarytoenlargetheperspective,toinvokesomesocietaland

politicalvalues,andtobegintotreatjobsatisfactioninthecontext

ofalargerarrayofassociatedvariablesThemeasurementofjob

satisfactionasasocialindicatormayhavethreeroles:

1torepresent

avaluedproductofsociety-acomponentofthepsychologicalGNP;2to

provideamonitoringanddiagnosticaidfor

'earlywarningofsocietal

dislocations,policyorprogramfailure,

andslowlydevelopingsocietal

changes;and3toprovideasignificantcomponentinthetheoriesand

modelstobeusedintheformulationofsocialpolicyandprograms.

measureswillbeinthesethreeroles.

Theutilityofjobsatisfactionmeasuresrests

onthedevelopment

ofmultiplemeasurementmethodsthatarestandardized,

suitableforwide

use,andcapableofdetectingpopulationdifferencesandpopulation

changes.Inaddition,theutilityrestsuponthesemeasureshavingan

agreedconceptualand“realworld”referenceaswellasaknownmatrix

ofcausalandconsequentialrelationshipstoothersignificantvariables.

Bothrequirementsmustbemetbeforeconvincingproofcanbeadvancedas

tothepracticalutilityofjobsatisfactionmeasuresforanticipating,

understanding,andinfluencingfutureoutcomesofpresent

societal

conditionsThesethemesprovidethestructureforthispaper.In

thenext

section,wegiveanoverviewofthestateoftheartinthemeasurement

ofjobsatisfaction.Thesectionfollowingthatprovidesanapproachto

organizing,ormodeling,thecorrelatesofjobsatisfaction.Thefinal

sectionsuggestssomeprioritiesforfurtherresearchanddevelopment.

JOBSATISFACTIONINDICATORS

Thissectionsummarizesconsiderationsthatbearuponthe

choice

ofapproachesandoperationalmethodsformeasuringjobsatisfaction.We

shalllimitthediscussiontoapproachesthatrestupondirectinquiry

throughintervieworquestionnairemethodstoproducedatathatcanbe

aggregatedtoprovidejobsatisfactionindicatorsforvariouslydefined

populations.Weexcludefromdiscussion:

1indirectapproachesthatdrawinferencesaboutjobsatisfactionfrompresumedcausalorconsequential

phenomena;2approachesthatareprimarilyindividualisticanddiagnosticand,therefore,notusuallyapplicableforgeneratingpopulation

andtheoretical

indicators;and3approachesthathaveutilityprimarilyforempirical

discoveryratherthanforpopulationdescription

purposes.

We

first

reviewthecommonlyusedformsofprimarydata,

thensome

commonly

used

derivativejobsatisfactionindicators.A

schemeis

presented

toguidetheevaluationoftheseseveralindicators.

Theseare

appliedtodrawimplicationsforpreferredfuturemethods.

without

Throughoutthepaper,exceptwherenoted,wewillusetheterm

jobsatisfaction”inclusivelytoreferalsotodissatisfactionintendedprejudicewhethersatisfactionanddissatisfactionarebesttreatedaspolaroppositesorastwoconceptuallydifferentvariables.

PRIMARYDATA

Byprimarydatawemeanthe“raw”responsesgivenbyindividual

respondentstoverbalquestionsorcomparablestimuli.Thereappearstobeafixedrosterofbasicformsofprimarydata,eventhoughinnumerablevariationsontheseareknown.Twokindsofprimarydataaredistinguished:

facet-freeandfacet-specific.

Facet-freeprimarydataareobtainedwhentherespondentisasked

toindicatehisglobalsatisfactionwithhisjobandjobenvironment

withoutspecifyinginadvancethefacetstobeconsideredorhowtheyaretobecombined.Ineffect,eachrespondentprovidesanetresponsederivedfromhisownsetoffacets,weightedorotherwisecombinedinhisownuniquefashion,withunstatedanduniqueassumptionsnotonlyaboutthecontextforevaluation,butalsoabouthisown“fit”tothejobandits

reality”definedbyhisown

environment,andwiththeenvironmentalperceptionsandcognitions.Normative,cognitive,andunconsciouselementsintheevaluationareinvited.Thestimulusquestionsareusuallyphrasedornonverballydisplayedwithanintenttoimposethefewestpossibleconstraintsuponhisperceptual,cognitive,andevaluativeprocesses.Severalcomplementarystimulimaybeusedtodiversifytheunavoidableconstraints.

Facet-specificprimarydataareobtainedwhentherespondentis

askedtorepresenthissatisfactionwithrespecttosomespecifiedfacetofhisjoborjobenvironment.Sincethefacetspecificationisneverexhaustiveordefinitive,thedifferencebetweenafacet-freeanda

facet-specificinquiryisonlyoneofdegree.Forexample,thequery“Howconsiderationofunspecifiedsubfacetsamountofpay,certaintyofpay,rateofincrease,adequacytoneed,andsoforth,unspecified“reality”lastweek'spay,payafterdeductions,payconfidentlyexpectednextyear,andthelike,andunknownperceptual,cognitive,andevaluativeprocesses.

satisfiedareyouwithyourpay?

”elicitsanetresponsethat

includes

Nevertheless,facet-specificmethodsallowtheinquirersomecontrolover

therangeoffacetstobeincludedin

hisdata,anaddeddegreeof

comparabilityamongdifferentrespondents,andcloserandmoreconfident

reality”ofthejob

linkagebetweentheresponseobtainedandtheenvironmentorofthepersonunderinvestigation.Facet-specificqueries,thus,varyintheirspecificity.Inaddition,theytakethefollowingforms:

adirectreportofdegreeofsatisfactionwithfacetsatisfaction;

bamountordegreeoffacetprovidedbyjobisnow;

camountordegreeoffacetrespondentwouldliketohavewould

like;

damountordegreeoffacetrespondentshouldbeprovidedshould

be;

eimportanceoffacettorespondentimportance.

Theformsofresponseexistingreatvariety,includingsimple

check-listor“yes-no”responses,rankordering,scalarresponsese.g.,

Likertscales,“faces,”andthelike,andthemorecomplexformssuchas“self-anchoring”scales.Whilethesealternativesinviteusefuldiscussionabouttheirrelativereliability,efficiency,simplicity,itemutility,andconceptualassumptions,suchissueswillnotberaisedhere.Eachalternativeprovidesprimarydatapermittingaggregationfor

populationcomparisonorsocialindicatorpurposes.

DERIVEDDATA

Inthecaseofprimarydatathatrepresentthedirectorimplied

expressionofjobsatisfaction,socialindicatorsmaybederivedbya

simpleaggregationofprimarydataforindividualsandthenanaggregation

ofindividualdataforthepopulation.Thisisoftendone,forexample,

withrespecttomulti-item,facet-freeprimarydata,andwithprimarydata

oftypesaandbabove.However,morecomplexformsofderivative

indexes

arecommonlypreferredforvariousreasons.Proceduresfor

deriving

indexesfromprimarydatainclude:

1differentialweightingofitems;2

clusteringofitemsintofactorsordimensionsonconceptualor

empirical

grounds;3convertingprimarydatato

deriveddiscrepancyscoreson

usesin

theoretical,conceptual,orempiricalgroundsbeforeaggregation;4retainingindividualfacetitemdatafordifferentialinterpretationoranalysis;5removingsomeuncontrolledresponsevariancebeforeaggregation;and6adjustingprimarydataforknownorpresumedbiasbeforeaggregation.Anyoftheseproceduresmaybeemployedsinglyorincombinationwithothers.Thelastthreeproceduresarerelativelytrivialoratleastnoncontroversialatthepresenttime;thefirstthreearetopicsofcurrentinquiryanddispute.

CORRELATESOFJOBSATISFACTION

Thissectionreviewswhatisknownandwhatshouldbecomeknownwithrespecttothecorrelatesofjobsatisfaction.Therangeofknown

correlativesisdisplayedinawaythatwillaidtheassessmentofthepotentialroleofjobsatisfactionasoneindicator,amongothers,ofthequalityofemployment.Someexamplesofreportedempiricalcorrelations

donotattempttoreview

willbegivenforillustrativepurposes,butweandcatalogallpublishedreportsbearingonthematter,nortoprovideevaluationofthevariousempiricalgeneralizationsthathavebeenadvanced.Weshallignoreforthepresentthediversityofconceptandmeasurementofjobsatisfactiontreatedintheprecedingsection.

SOCIALINDICATORSANDINTERPRETATIVEMODELS

Themeaningofanysocialindicatorisfoundinitsassignedrole

insomeconceptionofhowthesociety“works.”Thus,ameasuredchangeinsomeindicator-infantmortalityrate,forexample-isuninterpretableapartfromsomeknownorassumeddynamicstructureofsequentialchangesthatrelatestheobservedchangetocauses,consequences,andmoderatingconceptualfactors.Ideally,oneshouldhaveanempiricallyvalidatedtheory,broadinscope,embracingmultiplecausesandconsequences,capableofaccommodatingadditionalvariablesi.e.,anopensystem,andonethattreatschangesovertimei.e.,adynamictheory.Suchaninterpretivemodelwouldpermittheevaluationofachangeinsomesocialindicatorinseveralusefulways,mostimportantlyinestimatingfutureimplicationsoftheobservedchangeandinidentifyingpossiblesocietalactionstoforestallorcounteractundesirableconsequences.

Withrespecttojobsatisfaction,theredoesnotexistany