最新现代大学英语第五册修辞总结.docx
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最新现代大学英语第五册修辞总结
高级英语第五册修辞方法(RhetoricalDevice)
序号
修辞类别
定义/特点
1
Simile
(明喻)
是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系,两者都在对比中出现。
常用比喻词like,as,asif,asthough等。
2
Metaphor
(隐喻)
这种比喻不通过比喻词进行,而是直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写,甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
3
Allusion
(暗引/引喻)
其特点是不注明来源和出处,一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组,将其融合编织在作者的话语中。
引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。
英语引用最多的是源出《圣经》故事以及希腊、罗马神话、《伊索寓言》和那些源远流长的谚语、格言等。
4
Parody
(仿拟)
根据家喻户晓的成语或谚语,临时更换其中的某个部分,造成新的成语或谚语;或者根据古今名言警句,在保持其原句不变的情况下,更换其中部分词语,这种修辞方式叫仿拟。
5
Metonymy(转喻/借代)
是指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
例如:
thewhitehouse---thePresident,thecrown---theking/queen,purse---money
6
Synecdoche(提喻)又称举隅法
主要特点是局部代表全体,或以全体喻指部分,或以抽象代具体,或以具体代抽象。
7
Transferredepithet(转类形容词/移就)
采用表示性质和特征的形容词或相当于形容词的词来修饰、限定与它根本不同属性的名词。
8
Oxymoron
(矛盾修辞法acompressedparadox)
用两种不相调和,甚至截然相反的特征来形容一项事物,在矛盾中寻求哲理,以便收到奇警的修辞效果,产生特殊的深刻含义的一种修辞手段。
9
Hyperbole(夸张)
夸张是一种故意言过其实,或夸大或缩小事物的形象,借以突出事物的某种特征或品格,鲜明地表达思想情感的修辞方式。
10
Understatement(低调陈述/含蓄陈述)litotes(反叙/间接肯定法,反语法)
指用反语的否定来表示肯定的一种修辞法Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.
11
Contrast
(对照)
是把两个相反的事物或一件事物的正反两方面放在一起,在比较和衬托之中突出不同事物的矛盾性
12
Antithesis
(对语、对句、平行对照)
是把意义相反或相对的语言单位排列在平行、对称的结构里,以求取一种匀称的形式美和强烈的对照感。
Antithesis有两个特点:
一是语义上的对照性,二是结构上的对称性。
13
Parallelism(平行结构,对句法,对仗)
abalanceoftwoormoresimilarwords,phrases,orclauses.
14
Epigram
(警句、隽语)
是一种语体,短小机智的妙语、警句和名言都算做隽语
15
Paradox(似非而是的隽语)
这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法,是一种矛盾修辞法
似是而非的隽语是一个言论自由的声明或命题于表面看来似乎是自相矛盾的,荒谬的,或者违反既定事实或做法,但在进一步的思考和研究,可能被证明是真的,理由充分
16
Chiasmus
(回文/交错配列法)
两个排比结构中第二个所用的修辞上的倒装,(如:
ShewenttoParis;NewtoYorkwenthe.)
17
Anaphora首语(句)重复法
repeatingawordorphraseatthebeginningofsuccessiveclausesorsentences
18
Alliteration(头韵法)
在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组,其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音,以增强语言的节奏感。
19
Onomatopoeia(拟声)
是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音,其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似,使语言显得生动,富有表现力。
1.Simile:
L1-17:
Itissomethinglike…behindbars.
L1-25:
Letusbedissatisfieduntilfromeverycityhall…amightystream.(justicewillrolldownlikewatersandrighteousnesslikeamightystream)
L5-5:
Sameage,samebackground,butdumbasanox.(dumbasanox)
L5-50:
Firsthelookedatthecoatwiththeexpressionofawaifatabakerywindow.(comparinghislongingfortheraccooncoatwiththeexpressionofahungryhomelesschildlookinglonginglyatthebreadatabakerywindow.)
L5-123:
Itwaslikediggingatunnel.(comparinghisteachingtothehardworkofdiggingatunnel.)
L5-147:
Ileapedtomyfeet,bellowinglikeabull.(comparinghisangryshoutstothebellowingofabull)
L7-2:
…unitedwithothersofourcountryineverything…likethefingersofthehand.(comparingtherelationshipbetweenblackandwhitetofingersofthehand)
L7-10:
YeteventhenIhadbeengoingovermyspeech...asbrightasflame.(comparingeachwordofhisspeechtobrightflame)
L7-16:
ForinthosedaysIwaswhattheycalledginger—colored...likeacrispgingercookie.(comparingthenarratortoacookie)
L7-20:
Mysalivabecamelikehotbitterglue.
L7-21:
Theboysgropedaboutlikeblind,cautiouscrabs...hypersensitivesnails.(comparingtheblackboystoanimals)
L7-27:
AblowtomyheadasIdancedaboutsentmyrighteyepopping...mydilemma.
L7-45:
Iroiledawayasafumbledfootballrollsoffthereceiver’sfingertips...
L7-46:
1waslimpasadishrag.
2.Metaphor:
L1-5:
Psychologicalfreedom...physicalslavery.(thelongnightofphysicalslavery)
L1-5:
TheNegro...hisownemancipationproclamation.(“signswiththepenandinkofassertivemanhoodhisownemancipationproclamation”)
L1-14:
…whentheunjust…iseliminated.(measurement,ascaleofdollars)
L1-20:
Hewhohates…ultimatereality.(owningakeytoopenadoor)
L1-25:
thebatteringramsoftheforcesofjustice;
thejunkheapsofhistory
Letusbedissatisfieduntilthetragicwalls…theforcesofjustice.(“thetragicwalls”and“thebatteringrams”)
L1-27:
Whenourdays…intobrighttomorrow.(low-hoveringcloudsofdespair;giganticmountainsofevil)
L4-3:
KillingtheAngelintheHouse
L4-5:
Theimageofafisherman
L4-7:
Aroomofone’sown
L5-1:
TherefollowsaninformalessaythatventuresevenbeyondLamb’sfrontier.(comparingthelimitationsetbyLambtoafrontier)
L5-20:
Mybrain,thatprecisioninstrument,slippedintohighgear.(Mixedmetaphor,comparingatthesametimethenarrator’sbraintoaprecisioninstrumentandalsotoamachinethathasgears.)
L5-34:
Inotherwords,ifyouwereoutofthepicture,thefieldwouldbeopen.(comparingthecompetingforfriendshiptoanathleticevent)
L5-98:
MaybesomehowIcouldfanthemintoflame.Maybesomewhereintheextinctcraterofhermind,afewembersstillsmoldered.(comparingPolly’smindtotheextinctcraterofavolcano)
L5-115:
Poisoningthewell:
(comparing“thepersonalattackonapersonholdingsomethesis”to“poisoningthewell”)
L5-151:
Therat.(comparingPeteytoarat)
L6-41:
I’venevermetanyone…thesecondtimearound.(Themetaphorofrecordplayerisused.)
3.Allusion:
L1-25:
Letusbedissatisfieduntilthatday…noneshallbeafraid.(abiblicalallusion:
the1ionandthelambshallliedowntogether;everymanwillsitunderhisownvineandfigtreeandnoneshallbeafraid)
L5-64:
WewenttotheKnoll,thecampustrystingplace,andwesatdownunderanoldoak…(AnimpliedallusiontoRobinHood,whosetrystingplacewasunderahugeoaktreeinSherwoodForest.)
L5-138:
IwasnotPygmalion;IwasFrankenstein,andmymonsterhadmebythethroat.
L10-8:
Overnight…surrealepisodes…(aswordofDamocles)
4.Parody:
L10-25:
Isourdemocracy…ofliberty?
(ThisisaparodyofalineinPatrickHenry’sspeech:
“Islifesodearorpeacesosweet,astobepurchasedatthepriceofchainsandslavery?
”)
5.Metonymy:
L4-1:
Nodemandwasmadeuponthefamilypurse.(“purse”standsformoney)
L4-2:
ButtoshowyouhowlittleIdeservetobecalledaprofessionalwoman…withmyneighbors.(Butcher’sbillsstandformeatboughtfromabutcher.)
L5-23:
Shewas,tobesure,agirlwhoexcitedtheemotions.But1wasnotonetoletmyheartrulemyhead.(toletmyheartrulemyhead:
Metonymy.“Heart”standsfor“feelingsandemotions”and“head”for“reasonandgoodsense”.)
L5-105:
…surgeonshaveX-raystoguidethemduringanoperation.(X-raysstandforX-raysphotographs)
L10-2:
Anthraxpanic…chambers(“Congress”standsforitsmembers)
6.Synecdoche:
L1-25:
Letusbedissatisfieduntilfromeverycityhall…amightystream.
cityhall(thenamingofaparttomeanthewhole.Here,thenamingofthebuildingforthe
government)
L4-2:
ButtoshowyouhowlittleIdeservetobecalledaprofessionalwoman…withmyneighbors.(breadandbutter:
Thissetphrasemeansfoodandthemostimportantandbasicthings.)
7.Transferredepithet:
L1-25:
Letusbedissatisfieduntilthetragicwalls…theforcesofjustice.(thetragicwalls)
L5-40:
Isaidwithamysteriouswink…(thewinkwasnotmysterious)
L7-6:
ourbareupperbodiestouchingandshiningwithanticipatorysweat(In“anticipatorysweat”,theadjective“anticipatory“isatransferredepithet.)
L7-25:
Hekeptcoming,bringingtheranksharpviolenceofstalesweat.(theranksharpviolence:
Logicallyrankandsharpmodify“stalesweat”,not“violence”.)
8.Oxymoron:
9.Hyperbole:
L5-5:
Itisnotoftenthatonesoyounghassuchagiantintellect.(exaggeratingforeffect)
L5-50:
…hejuststoodandstaredwithmadlustatthecoat.(It’sanexaggerationtodescribehislongingforthecoatas“madlust”)
L5-135:
Youarethewholeworldtome,andthemoonandthestarsandtheconstellationsofouterspace.
L5-135:
Iwillwanderthefaceoftheearth,ashambling,hollow-eyedhulk.
10.Understatementorlitotes:
L5-61:
Thisloomedasaprojectofnosmalldimensions,andatfirst1wastemptedtogiveherbacktoPetey.(nosmalldimensions)
11.Contrast:
L3-22:
AcontrastismadebetweenoldShanghaiandShanghaiinthe1990s.
L8-3:
WhileOppenheimerwasinterrupting….hadinventedthesubject.(animpliedcontrast)
L10-25:
Howdowe…poise?
(paranoiavs.poise)
12.Antithesis:
L1-5:
Aslongas...canneverbefree.(mindvs.body,enslavedvs.free)
L1-5:
Psychologicalfreedom...physicalslavery.(psychologicalfreedomvs.physicalslavery)
L1-7:
…loveisidentified…denialoflove(1ovevs.power,aresignationofpowervs.denialoflove)
L1-19:
Forthroughviolence…butyoucan’tmurderhate.(Youmaymurderamurdererbutyoucan’tmurdermurder.)
L1-25:
outercityofwealthandcomfortvs.innercityofpovertyanddespair;
wealthvs.poverty(economic);
comfortvs.despair(mood,psychology)
darkyesterdaysvs.brighttomorrows;
segregatedschoolsvs.integratededucation
onthebasisofthecontentoftheircharactervs.onthebasisofthecoloroftheirskin
content(substance)vs.color(superficial)
character(fundamental)vs.skin(outwardappearance)
L1-27:
Whenourdays…intobrighttomorrow.
darkyesterdayVS.brighttomorrow
L5-27:
Itis,afterall,easiertomakeabeautifuldumbgirlsmartthantomakeanuglysmartgirlbeautiful.
beautifuldumbvs.uglysmart
L5-50:
Backandforthhisheadswiveled,desirewaxing,resolutionwaning.
Desirewaxingvs.resolutionwaning
L5-153:
Lookatme—abrilliantstudent,atremendousintellectual,amanwithanassuredfuture.LookatPetey—aknot-head,ajitterbug,aguywho’llneverknowwherehisnextmealiscomingfrom.
Brilliant,intellectualandassuredvs.knot-head,jitterbugandneverknowwherehisnextmealiscomingfrom”
13.Parallelism:
L1-6:
…confrontationoftheforces…thestatusquo.
forcesofpowerdemandingchange
(presentparticiple)
forcesofpowerdedicatedtothepreservingofthe
(pastparticiple)statusquo
L1-8:
Whatisneeded…andanemic.
powerwithout