《孟子》英译.docx
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《孟子》英译
1A.KingHuiofLiang（partone）
孟子見梁惠王。
王曰,「叟,不遠千里而來,亦將有以利吾國乎?
」孟子對曰,「王何必曰利?
亦有仁義而已矣。
」「王曰:
『何以利吾國?
』大夫曰:
『何以利吾家?
』士庶人曰:
『何以利吾身?
』上下交征利,而國危矣!
萬乘之國弑其君者,必千乘之家;千乘之國,弑其君者,必百乘之家。
萬取千焉,千取百焉,不爲不多矣;苟爲後義而先利,不奪不饜。
」「未有仁而遺其親者也,未有義而後其君者也。
」「王亦曰仁義而已矣,何必曰利?
」[1A:
1]MenciuswenttoseeKingHuiofLiang.TheKingsaid:
"Mygoodman,sinceyouhaven'tthoughtonethousandlitoofartocomeandseeme,mayIpresumethatyouhavesomethingwithwhichIcanprofitmykingdom?
"
Menciussaid:
"Whymustyouspeakofprofit?
WhatIhaveforyouisHumanenessandRightness,andthat'sall.Ifyoualwayssay'howcanIprofitmykingdom?
'yourtopofficerswillask,'howcanweprofitourclans?
'Theelites（shi）1andthecommonpeoplewillask:
'Howcanweprofitourselves?
'Superiorsandinferiorswillstruggleagainsteachotherforprofit,andthecountrywillbeinchaos."
"Inakingdomoftenthousandchariots,themurdererofthesovereignisusuallyfromaclanofonethousandchariots.Inathousand-chariotkingdom,themurdererofthesovereignisusuallyfromaclanofonehundredchariots.Now,tohaveathousandintenthousand,oronehundredinathousandisnotreallyallthatmuch.Butifyouputdue-givinglastandprofitfirst,noonewillbesatisfiedunlesstheycangrabsomething."
"Therehasneverbeenahumanemanwhoneglectedhisparents,andtherehasneverbeenajustmanwhoputhisprincelastinhispriorities.King,can'twelimitourconversationtohumanenessanddue-giving?
Whymustwediscussprofit?
"
梁惠王曰:
「寡人之於國也,盡心焉耳矣!
河內凶,則移其民於河東,移其粟於河內;河東凶亦然。
察鄰國之政,無如寡人之用心者;鄰國之民不加少,寡人之民不加多:
何也?
」孟子對曰:
「王好戰,請以戰喩。
填然鼓之,兵刃旣接,棄甲曳兵而走,或百歩而後止,或五十歩而後止;以五十歩笑百歩,則何如?
」
曰:
「不可。
直不百歩耳,是亦走也!
」曰:
「王如知此,則無望民之多於鄰國也。
」「不違農時,穀不可勝食也;數罟不入洿池,魚鼈不可勝食也;斧斤以時入山林,材木不可勝用也;穀與魚鼈不可勝食,材木不可勝用,是使民養生喪死無憾也;養生喪死無憾,王道之始也。
」
「五畝之宅,樹之以桑,五十者可以衣帛矣;雞豚狗彘之畜,無失其時,七十者可以食肉矣;百畝之田,勿奪於時,數口之家可以無饑矣;謹庠序之教,申之以孝悌之義,頒白者不負戴於道路矣;七十者衣帛食肉,黎民不饑不寒;然而不王者,未之有也!
」「狗彘食人食而不知檢,塗有餓莩而不知發;人死,則曰:
『非我也,歳也。
』是何異於刺人而殺之,曰:
『非我也,兵也!
』王無罪歳,斯天下之民至焉。
」
[1A:
3]KingHuiofLiangsaid:
"Iexertmywholeconsciousnesstowardsmypeople.WhenthereisdisasterinHe-nei,ImovethepeopletoHe-dongandbringgraintoHe-nei.WhenthereisdisasterinHe-dong,Idolikewise.2Now,ifyoulookatthegovernmentinneighboringkingdoms,thereisnoonewhoisasdedicatedtohispeopleasI.Yetwhyisitthatthepeopledon'tmovefromotherstatesandcometomine?
"
Menciusreplied:
"Yourmajesty,youlikewar,don'tyou?
Letmemakeanexamplewithwar:
Thedrummershavepsychedthesoldiersintothebattlefieldandthebattleisengaged.Somesoldiersthrowofftheirheavyarmorandflee,draggingtheirweapons.Onefellowrunsahundred
pacesandstops.Anotherrunsfiftypacesandstops.Whatwouldyouthinkiftheonewhoranfiftypaceslaughsattheonewhoranahundred?
"
TheKingsaid:
"Noway.Eventhoughhedidn'trunahundredpaces,hestillran."
Menciussaid:
"Ifyourealizethis,thenyoushouldn'texpectpeopletomovetoyourkingdom.Ifyoudon'tinterferewiththetimingofthefarmers,therewillbemoregrainthancanbeeaten.Iffine-meshnetsarekeptoutofthepondsandlakes,therewillbemorefishandturtlesthanyoucaneat.Ifloggersareregulatedintheirwoodcutting,therewillbemorewoodthancanbeused.Whenthereismoregrain,morefishandturtlesthancanbeeaten,andmorewoodthancanbeused,thepeoplewillnourishthelivingandmournthedeadwithoutresentment.Nourishingthelivingandmourningthedeadwithoutresentmentisthebeginningoftheroadtotruekingship."
"Ifmulberrytreesareplantedaroundhomesteadsofanacre,thenpeoplefiftyyearsoldcanbeclothedinsilk.If,intheraisingoffowl,pigs,dogsandswine,theirbreedingtimesarenotmissed,thenpeopleseventyyearsoldcaneatmeat.Ifyoudonotupsetthefarmingscheduleinafarmoftwentyacres,thenalargeclanwillneverbehungry.Paycarefulattentiontoeducation,basingitontheRightnessoffilialpietyandrespectforelders,andthegray-hairedpeoplewillnotbeinthestreetscarryingheavyburdensontheirbacks.Therehasneverbeenacasewherethepeopleofseventywereeatingmeatandtheblack-hairedpeoplewerefreefromcoldandhunger,wherethekingwasnotwellregarded."
"But[inyourkingdom],dogsandswineeatmen'sfood,andyoudon'tcontrolit.Peoplearedyingofstarvationinthestreetsanditdoesn'toccurtoyoutodistributegrainfromthestorehouses.Peopledie,andyousay:
'It'snotmyfault;itwasabadharvest.'Howisthisdifferentfromstabbingamantodeathandsaying,'Itwasn'tme,itwastheknife.'Ifyouwouldstopplacingtheblameonbadharvests,allofthepeopleinthecountrywouldcometoyou."
梁惠王曰:
「寡人願安承教。
」
孟子對曰:
「殺人以梃與刃,有以異乎?
」
曰:
「無以異也。
」
「以刃與政有以異乎?
」
曰:
「無以異也。
」
曰:
庖有肥肉,廏有肥馬,民有飢色,野有餓莩,此率獸而食人也。
獸相食,且人惡之;爲民父母行政,不免於率獸而食人,惡在其爲民父母也!
仲尼曰:
『始作俑者,其無後乎!
』爲其象人而用之也,如之何其使斯民饑而死也。
」
[1A:
4]KingHuiofLiangsaid:
"Iwouldliketoquietlyreceiveyourinstruction."
Menciussaid:
"Isthereanydifferencebetweenkillingamanwithastickorasword?
"
TheKingreplied:
"Nodifference."
Menciussaid:
"Isthereanydifferencebetweendoingitwithaswordanddoingitwithgovernment?
"
"Nodifference"wasthereply.
Menciussaid:
"Thereareloadsoffatmeatinyourkitchenwhilethepeopleinthecountrysidearedyingofstarvation.Animalsareeveneatingpeople.Now,mendespiseanimalswhofeedoneachother.Andyousayyouwanttobe'theparentofthepeople.'Butintheactualhandlingofyourgovernment,youcannotevenpreventanimalsfromfeedingonmen.Howcanyouberegardedasa'parentofthepeople?
'"
"Confuciussaid:
'Wasn'tthefirstfellowwhomadewoodenimagesforburialwiththedeadrememberedforever?
'Thisisbecausehemadeimagesofmenandusedthemforsuchapurpose.
Whatmemoryshalltherebeofthemanwhomadehispeopledieofstarvation?
"
梁惠王曰:
「普國,天下莫強焉,叟之所知也。
及寡人之身,東敗於齊,長子死焉;西喪地於秦七百里;南辱於楚:
寡人恥之,願比死者一洒之,如之何則可?
」[1A:
5]KingHuiofLiangsaid:
"Asyouknow,venerablesir,thereisnotastrongerstateinthecountrythanChin.Sincetheyattackedme,wehavealsolostontheeasttoCh'i,wheremyeldestsondied.Onthewest,wehavelostonehundredliofterritorytoCh'inandonthesouthwehavebeenembarrassedbyCh'u.Ihavebeenshamedbythisandwouldliketocleartheslateformyancestorsonceandforall.HowcanIdoit?
"
孟子對曰:
「地方百里而可以王。
王如施仁政於民,省刑罰,薄税歛,深耕易耨;壯者以暇日修其孝悌忠信,入以事其父兄,出以事其長上,可使制梃以撻秦楚之堅甲利兵矣!
」Menciusreplied:
"Aterritoryonehundredlisquareisenoughtoconstituteaviablekingship.Yourmajestyshouldgiveahumanegovernmenttothepeople,becarefulinpunishingcrime;makethetaxeslight;plowthefieldsdeeplyandhoethemwell.Thenallthestrongandhealthypeoplecanintheirleisuretimecultivatefilialpiety,siblingaffection,loyaltyandsincerity.Iftheydothis,thenwhentheyareathometheycanservetheirfathersandelderbrothers,andwhentheyareoutintheworldtheycanservetheireldersandsuperiors.Thesepeoplewillbeable,with[only]sharpenedsticks,togiveabeatingtoCh'inandCh'uwiththeirhardarmorandsharpweapons."
彼奪其民時,使不得耕耨以養其父母,父母凍餓,兄弟妻子離散。
彼陷溺其民,王往而征之,夫誰與王敵!
故曰:
『仁者無敵。
』王請勿疑。
」
"Thoserulerssnatchthepeople'stimesothattheyareunabletodotheplowingandhoeingwhichisnecessarytosupporttheirparents.Olderandyoungerbrothers,wivesandchildrenareseparatedandscattered.Inthiswaytheserulerstrapandburytheirownpeople.Ifyou,King,wouldgoandchastisethem,whowillopposeyou?
Don'tdoubttheancientproverb:
'TheHumanemanhasnoonetoopposehim.'"
孟子見梁襄王。
出語人曰:
「望之不似人君,就之而不見所畏焉。
卒然問曰:
『天下惡乎定?
』
[1A:
6]MenciushadanaudiencewithKingHsiangofLiang.Whenhecameout,hesaidtosomepeople:
"WhenIsawhimatadistance,hedidnotlooklikeaking,andwhenIapproachedhim,therewasnothingtobeinaweof.Abruptlyheaskedme:
'HowcanthesituationoftheCentralKingdombesettleddown?
'"
吾對曰:
『定於一。
』」「孰能一之?
」「對曰:
『不嗜殺人者能一之。
』」「孰能與之?
」"Ianswered:
'Itcanbesettleddownbyunification.'"
Hesaid:
'Whocanunifyit?
'
"Ireplied:
'Hewhodoesnotlikekillingmencanunifyit.'"
"Heasked:
'Whohasthepowertograntsomeonethisability?
'"
「對曰:
『天下莫不與也。
王知夫苗乎?
七八月之間旱,則苗槁矣。
天油然作雲,沛然下雨,則苗浡然興之矣。
其如是,孰能禦之!
今夫天下之人牧,未有不嗜殺人者也。
如有不嗜殺人者,則天下之民皆引領而望之矣。
試如是也,民歸之,由水之就下,沛然誰能禦之!
』"Iansweredagain,saying:
'Thereisnooneinthelandwhowouldnotgrantit.Doyouknowanythingaboutfarming?
Duringtheseventhandeighthmonthsitgetsdryandtheplantswither.Whenthereisasuddendownpourofrain,theplantscomevibrantlytolife.Yoursituationbeinglikethis,whowillopposeyou?
Now,amongthosewhoareleadersinthiscountry,therearenonewhodislikekillingmen.Iftherewereonewhodislikedkillingmen,allthepeopleinthecountrywouldsticktheirnecksoutmerelytogetaglimpseofhim.Ifyouwerereallylikethis,thepeople
wouldcometoyoulikewaterrunningdownhill.Whocouldopposeyou?
'"
齊宣王問曰:
「齊桓普文之事,可得聞乎?
」
[1A:
7]KingHsüanofCh'iasked:
"CangivemeyouranalysisofwhathappenedbetweenDukeHuanofCh'iandDukeWenofCh'in?
3"
孟子對曰:
「仲尼之徒,無道桓文之事者,是以後世無傳焉,臣未之聞也。
無以,則王乎?
」
Menciusanswered:
"NoneofConfucius'disciplestalkedaboutHuanandWen,soIhavenosignificantinformationonthem.SosinceIcan'ttalkaboutthem,howaboutdiscussingkingship?
"
曰:
「德何如則可以王矣?
」曰:
「保民,而王莫之能禦也。
」
Thekingsaid:
"Whatkindofqualitiesarenecessaryforrealkingship?
"
Menciussaid:
"Takecareofthepeople,andnoonecanopposeyou."
曰:
「若寡人者,可以保民乎哉?
」曰:
「可。
」曰:
「何由知吾可也?
」
Thekingsaid:
"Issomeonelikemecapableoftakingcareofthepeople?
"
Menciussaid:
"Sure."
Thekingsaid:
"Howdoyouknow?
"
曰:
「臣聞之胡齕曰:
『王坐於堂上,有牽牛而過堂下者;王見之,曰:
「牛可之?
」對曰:
「將以釁鐘。
」王曰:
「舍之;吾不忍其觳觫,若無罪而就死地。
」對曰:
「然則廢釁鐘與?
」曰:
「何可廢也?
以羊易之。
」』不識有諸?
」
"Iheard
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