托福阅读答案解析.docx

托福阅读答案解析.docx

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托福阅读答案解析

4月23日托福阅读答案解析

词汇题：

attestto=provideevidenceof

fragments=pieces

painstaking=takinggreateffortto

substantial=considerable

configuration=arrangement

precise=accurate

distinctive=recognizable

incontrastto=asopposedto

dispersal=distribution

imitator=someonewhocopiedhiswork

associatedwith=relatedto

第一篇：

题材划分：

社科类文章

主要内容：

制造表的发展。

先说以前一个master一年只能做十几个表，特别painstaking只有富人才能买得起。

后来有个人叫Elf，他简化了钟表制造的材料，创新了一些设备，行了一系列变革，通过专业化啊水力啊，让表产量变大，又轻，又便宜。

本来特别重，不好运输，他就把弄得更轻了，可以挂住，不用专门做cabinet了。

然后使钟表让中产阶级也买得起，从精细制造变成massproduction。

后来他为了peddler就继续发明创造，然后在1816年造出了shelfclock获得专利，但是还是有很多人抄袭模仿，这些模仿也在一定程度上促进了钟表的精细化。

他有个员工叫Jerome，借鉴了上一个老板的经验，然后和Elf一起将钟表变得美观时尚又物廉价美。

解析：

整体文章词汇相对较简单，没有生涩难懂的学术词汇，只是第一篇相对而言比较难进入状态，所以一定要调整好自己的心态。

相似TPO练习推荐：

TPO30-TheInventionoftheMechanicalClock

TPO16-DevelopmentofthePeriodicTable

相关文章：

TheInventionoftheMechanicalClock

InEurope,beforetheintroductionofthemechanicalclock,peopletoldtimebysun（using,forexample,shadowsticksorsundials）andwaterclocks.Sunclocksworked,ofcourse,onlyoncleardays;waterclocksmisbehavedwhenthetemperaturefelltowardfreezing,tosaynothingoflong-rundriftastheresultofsedimentationandclogging.Boththesedevicesworkedwellinsunnyclimates;butinnorthernEuropethesunmaybehiddenbycloudsforweeksatatime,whiletemperaturesvarynotonlyseasonallybutfromdaytonight.

MedievalEuropegavenewimportancetoreliabletime.TheCatholicChurchhaditssevendailyprayers,oneofwhichwasatnight,requiringanalarmarrangementtowakenmonksbeforedawn.Andthenthenewcitiesandtowns,squeezedbytheirwalls,hadtoknowandordertimeinordertoorganizecollectiveactivityandrationspace.Theysetatimetogotosleep.Allthiswascompatiblewitholderdevicessolongastherewasonlyoneauthoritativetimekeeper;butwithurbangrowthandthemultiplicationoftimesignals,discrepancybroughtdiscordandstrife.Societyneededamoredependableinstrumentoftimemeasurementandfounditinthemechanicalclock.

Wedonotknowwhoinventedthismachine,orwhere.ItseemstohaveappearedinItalyandEngland（perhapssimultaneousinvention）between1275and1300.Onceknown,itspreadrapidly,drivingoutwaterclocksbutnotsolardials,whichwereneededtocheckthenewmachinesagainstthetimekeeperoflastresort.Theseearlyversionswererudimentary,inaccurate,andpronetobreakdown.

Ironically,thenewmachinetendedtoundermineCatholicChurchauthority.AlthoughchurchritualhadsustainedaninterestintimekeepingthroughoutthecenturiesofurbancollapsethatfollowedthefallofRome,churchtimewasnature’stime.Dayandnightweredividedintothesamenumberofparts,sothatexceptattheequinoxes,daysandnighthourswereunequal;andthenofcoursethelengthofthesehoursvariedwiththeseasons.Butthemechanicalclockkeptequalhours,andthisimpliedanewtimereckoning.TheCatholicChurchresisted,notcomingovertothenewhoursforaboutacentury.Fromthestart,however,thetownsandcitiestookequalhoursastheirstandard,andthepublicclocksinstalledintownhallsandmarketsquaresbecametheverysymbolofanew,secularmunicipalauthority.Everytownwantedone;conquerorsseizedthemasespeciallypreciousspoilsofwar;touristscametoseeandhearthesemachinesthewaytheymadepilgrimagestosacredrelics.

Theclockwasthegreatestachievementofmedievalmechanicalingenuity.Itsgeneralaccuracycouldbecheckedagainsteasilyobservedphenomena,liketherisingandsettingofthesun.Theresultwasrelentlesspressuretoimprovetechniqueanddesign.Ateverystage,clockmakersledthewaytoaccuracyandprecision;theybecamemastersofminiaturization,detectorsandcorrectorsoferror,searchersfornewandbetter.Theywerethusthepioneersofmechanicalengineeringandservedasexamplesandteacherstootherbranchesofengineering.

Theclockbroughtorderandcontrol,bothcollectiveandpersonal.Itspublicdisplayandprivatepossessionlaidthebasisfortemporalautonomy:

peoplecouldnowcoordinatecomingsandgoingswithoutdictationfromabove.Theclockprovidedthepunctuationmarksforgroupactivity,whileenablingindividualstoordertheirownwork（andthatofothers）soastoenhanceproductivity.Indeed,theverynotionofproductivityisaby-productoftheclock:

onceoncanrelateperformancetouniformtimeunits,workisneverthesame.Onemovesfromthetask-orientedtimeconsciousnessofthepeasant（workingonjobafteranother,astimeandlightpermit）andthetime-fillingbusynessofthedomesticservant（whoalwayshadsomethingtodo）toanefforttomaximizeproductperunitoftime.

第二篇

题材划分：

历史类文章

主要内容：

在泰国附近出现的一个D文明，语言和Mon语言有联系。

信奉佛教