语言知识学习学第6章知识题.docx
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语言知识学习学第6章知识题
SupplementaryExercises
I. DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
1. Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudyhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication
2. Pragmaticstreatsthemeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsicandinherent.
3. Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.
4. Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.
5. Themajordifferencebetweenasentenceandanutteranceisthatasentenceisnotutteredwhileanutteranceis.
6. Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,butcontext-dependent.
7. Themeaningofanutteranceisdecontexualized,thereforestable.
8. Utterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentences
9. SpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.
10. Speechacttheorystartedinthelate50’softhe20thcentury.
11. Austinmadethedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative.
12. Perlocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention.
II. Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
13. P_________isthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.
14. Whatessentiallydistinguishess_______andpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.
15. Thenotionofc_________isessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.
16. Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesanu___________.
17. Themeaningofasentenceisa_______,anddecontexualized.
18. C________werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.
19. P________weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.
20. Al_________actistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.
21. Ani__________actistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.
22. Ac_________iscommitthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.
23. Ane________istoexpressfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.
24. Therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple:
themaximofq_______,themaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner.
III. Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:
25._________doesnotstudymeaninginisolation,butincontext.
A.Pragmatics B.Semantics
C.Senserelation D.Concept
26.Themeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomething_______intraditionalsemantics.
A.contextual B.behaviouristic
C.intrinsic D.logical
27.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaning_________ isconsidered.
A.reference B.speechact
C.practicalusage D.context
28.Asentenceisa_________concept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.
A.pragmatic B.grammatical
C.mental D.conceptual
29.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa（n）_________.
A.constative B.directive
C.utterance D.expressive
30. Whichofthefollowingistrue?
A.Utterancesusuallydonottaketheformofsentences.
B.Someutterancescannotberestoredtocompletesentences.
C.Noutterancescantaketheformofsentences.
D.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.
31.Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil__________.
A.inthelate50’softhe20thecentury
B.intheearly1950’s
C.inthelate1960’s
D.intheearly21stcentury.
32.__________istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.
A.Alocutionaryact B.Anillocutionaryact
C.Aperlocutionaryact D.Aperformativeact
33.AccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeis______.
A.togetthehearertodosomething
B.tocommitthespeakertosomething’sbeingthecase
C.tocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction
D.toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs.
34.Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurpose,buttheydiffer__________.
A.intheirillocutionaryacts.
B.intheirintentionsexpressed
C.intheirstrengthorforce
D.intheireffectbroughtabout
35.__________isadvancedbyPaulGrice
A.CooperativePrinciple
B.PolitenessPrinciple
C.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammar
D.AdjacencyPrinciple
36.Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,_______mightarise.
A.impoliteness B.contradictions
C.mutualunderstanding D.conversationalimplicatures
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
l.F 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.T 12.F
II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
13. Pragmatics 14.semantics 15.context 16.utterance 17.abstract
18.Constatives 19.Performatives 20.locutionary 21.illocutionary
22.commissive 23.expressive 24.quantity
III. Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:
25.A 26.C 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.B
31.A 32.C 33.B 34.C 35.A 36.D
IV.Definethetermsbelow:
37.pragmatics 38.context 39.utterancemeaning
40.sentencemeaning 41.constative 42.performative
43.locutionaryact 44.illocutionaryact 45.perlocutionaryact46..CooperativePrinciple
V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:
47.Howaresemanticsandpragmaticsdifferentfromeachother?
48.Howdoesasentencedifferfromanutterance?
49.Howdoesasentencemeaningdifferfromanutterancemeaning?
50.Discussindetailthelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.
51.Searleclassifiedillocutionaryactintofivecategories.Discusseachofthemin detailwithexamples.
52.Whatarethefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple?
53.Howdoesthefloutingofthemaximsgiverisetoconversationalimplicatures?
Suggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercises:
IV.Definethetermsbelow:
37. pragmatics:
Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.
38. Context:
Generallyspeaking,itconsistsoftheknowledgethatissharedbythespeakerandthehearer.Thesharedknowledgeisoftwotypes:
theknowledgeofthelanguagetheyuse,andtheknowledgeabouttheworld,includingthegeneralknowledgeabouttheworldandthespecificknowledgeaboutthesituationinwhichlinguisticcommunicationistakingplace.
39. utterancemeaning:
themeaningofanutteranceisconcrete,andcontext-dependent.Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.
40. sentencemeaning:
Themeaningofasentenceisoftenconsideredastheabstract,intrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.
41. Constative:
Constativeswerestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwereverifiable;
42. Performative:
performatives,ontheotherhand,weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.Theirfunctionistoperformaparticularspeechact.
43.locutionaryact:
Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.
44.illocutionaryact:
Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker'sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.
45.perlocutionaryact:
Aperlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance;itistheactperformedbysayingsomething.
46.CooperativePrinciple:
ItisprincipleadvancedbyPaulGrice.Itisaprinciplethatguidesourconversationalbehaviours.Thecontentis:
Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeorthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.
V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:
47. Howaresemanticsandpragmaticsdifferentfromeachother?
Traditionalsemanticsstudiedmeaning,butthemeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomethingintrinsic,andinherent,i.e.apropertyattachedtolanguageitself.Therefore,meaningsofwords,meaningsofsentenceswereallstudiedinanisolatedmanner,detachedfromthecontextinwhichtheywereused.Pragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.Theessentialdistinctionbetweensemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherthecontextofuseisconsideredinthestudyofmeaning.Ifitisnotconsidered,thestudyisrestrictedtotheareaoftraditionalsemantics;if
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