高考语法复习定语从句.docx
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高考语法复习定语从句
高考语法复习----定语从句
在句子中,用来修饰名词的成分叫做定语(attributive)。
定语通常是由名词(短语)、形容词(短语)或介词短语来充当。
在复合句中,主句中的名词可以由从句来修饰。
这种用来修饰主句中的名词的从句就叫做定语从句(attributiveclause)。
agoodstudent;aboyoverthere;aboywholikescomputergamesverymuch
定语从句通常由关系代词(relativepronouns)who,whom,which,that,as,whose或关系副词(relativeadverbs)when,where,why引导。
关系代词和关系副词位于先行词(antecedent)和定语从句之间,连接定语从句与主句,同时指代先行词,并在定语从句中充当从句的某个部分。
关系词的选用和判断:
“三找两定一证”
一找先行词,二找定语从句,三找定语从句中的谓语
一判定先行词与从句谓语动词的关系,二确定关系代词或关系副词
一证明:
把定语从句还原成独立的句子。
定语从句类别:
限制性定语从句(Restrictiveattributiveclause)
非限制性定语从句(Non-restrictiveattributiveclause)。
*Hehastwosonswhoworkinthesamecompany.(Restrictiveattributiveclause)
(Perhapshehasmorethantwosons.)
*Hehastwosons,whoworkinthesamecompany.(Non-restrictiveattributiveclause)
(Hehasonlytwosons.)
1.比较that和which的用法
1)Doyouhaveanythingthatyoudon’tunderstand?
2)Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomeadvice.
3)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?
4)Herbag,inwhichsheputallhermoney,hasbeenstolen.
5)Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.
2.介词+which/whom引导的定语从句
*当关系代词在定语从句中充当介词的宾语时,我们用介词+which/whom引导定语从句。
如果指人,用介词+whom;如果指物,用介词介词+which。
*在口语中,介词通常放在定语从句结尾处。
如果介词放在从句结尾处,关系代词that可以代替关系代词whom或which,同时who可以代替whom。
在这种情况下,也可省去关系代词。
*定语从句的谓语动词如果是含有介词的短语动词,则一般不拆开,介词仍放在动词后面。
1)Doyouknowtheboytowhomyourmotheristalking?
2)HegavemesomenovelswithwhichIamnotveryfamiliar.
3)IstillrememberthedayonwhichIfirstgottoParis.
4)Doyoulikethebookforwhichshepaid$10?
5)Hebuiltatelescopethroughwhichhecouldstudytheskies.
关系代词whose引导的定语从句
whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich/whom
=ofwhich/whom+the+n.
Hisparentswouldn’tlethimmarryanyone______familywaspoor.(D)
A.ofwhomB.whomC.ofwhoseD.whose
Pleasepassmethedictionary______coverisblack.(D)
A.ofwhichB.whichC.ofwhoseD.whose
3.关系副词WHERE在定语从句中的用法
Canyoutellmetheofficewhereheworks?
(表地点)
I’vecometothepointwhereIcan’tstandhim.(表到……的地步)
Thecountryisinthesituationwhereawarwillbreakoutatanytime.(表在…的情况中)
where引导定语从句可修饰point,situation,part,case和condition等表抽象意义的词,意为“到了某种地步,在某种境况中”。
4.AS在在定语从句中的用法
Itisknowntoallthathavingagoodknowledgeofvocabularyisbasictolanguagelearning.
→Asisknowntoall,havingagoodknowledgeofvocabularyisbasictolanguagelearning.
*非限制性定语从句中关系代词which/as可指代整个句子的意思或一部分意思。
as可置于句首也可置于句中;which不可以置于句首,只能置于句中。
*as有“正如”之意,通常出现在一些固定短语中,which则没有此意。
如:
常见短语:
asanybodycansee/aswehadexpected/asoftenhappens/asismentionedabove...
ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述asiswellknown众所周知
aswasexpected正如预料的那样asweallcansee正如我们都会看到的那样
*关系代词as常出现在such…as,so…as,as…as,thesame…as等结构中
ThisisnotsuchabookasIexpected.这不是我期望的那样一本书。
Iliveinthesamebuildingashe(livesin).我和他住在同一幢楼里。
Hereissobigastoneasnomancanlift.这块石头大得没人能搬得起。
*比较such…as…与such…that…的区别
Itissuchabigstonethatnobodycanliftit.(anadverbialclause)(完整的句子)
Itissuchabigstoneasnobodycanlift.(anattributiveclause)(不完整的句子)
5.当先行词是way的时候,我们可以使用theway+inwhich/that/\引导定语从句。
Theway(that/which/\)heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.(作从句宾语)
她向我们解释的那种方法很简单。
Theway(that/inwhich/\)heexplainedthesentencetouswasnotdifficulttounderstand.
(作从句状语)她向我们解释句子的那种方法并不难理解。
Ididnotliketheway(inwhich/that/\)shetalkedtome.
(作状语)我不喜欢她对我说话的方式。
6.定语从句中的主谓一致
引导词在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词人称和数要根据引导词所指内容而定。
Herearesuchsentencesasareoftenusedbythestudents.
I,whoamaPartymember,shouldworkhardforourcountry.
Hewasoneofthestudentswhowerepraisedforit.
Hewastheonlyoneofthestudentswhowaspraisedforit.
使用定语从句时易出现哪些错误类型?
改正下列句子中的错误并概括其错误类型。
1.Atouch-me-notisakindofplantthatitshrinkswhentouched.
去掉it错误类型:
成分赘余
2.ThisisthegiftwasgiventoyoubyaSmith.
在gift后面加上which错误类型:
成分残缺
3.Mathisoneofthesubjectsthattakesupmuchofmysparetime.
将akes改为take错误类型:
主谓意义相悖
4.MyfatherwhovisitedBristolhasapassionforEnglishculture.
在myfather以及Bristol后面加上逗号错误类型:
歧义
5.I’llrememberthosedayswhenwespenttogether.
将when改成that或which错误类型:
引导词混淆
“似是而非”定语从句
第一组
Itwasthesmallcity______Ionceworked.
Itwasinthesmallcity______Ionceworked.
A.whereB.whichC.thatD.onwhich
A
C
第二组
Sheissuchaprettygirl______Idaren’tlookdirectlyat.
Sheissuchaprettygirl______Idaren’tlookdirectlyather.
A.asB.likeC.whichD.that
A
D
第三组
Istilllive______Iwasborn.
Istillliveinthetown______Iwasborn.
Istilllivehaveaquestion______Iwasborn.
A.whereB.inwhichC.AandB
A
C
A
第四组
______isknowntoeveryone,themoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth.
______isknowntoeveryonethatthemoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth.
______isknowntoeveryoneisthatthemoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth.
A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What
B
A
D
第五组
Ihavetwosisters,______areteachers.
Ihavetwosisters,and______areteachers.
Ihavetwosisters;______areteachers.
Ihavetwosisters,______teachers.
A.bothofwhoB.bothofthemC.bothofwhom
C
B
B
B
第六组
Thefact______heislyingisclear.
Thefact______hetolduswassurprising.
A.thatB.whichC./D.A,BandC
A
D
Practice
1.Alotoflanguagelearning,______hasbeendiscovered,ishappeninginthefirstyearoflife,soparentsshouldtalkmuchtotheirchildrenduringthatperiod.(2012安徽卷)(A)
A.asB.itC.whichD.this
2.Salesdirectorisaposition______communicationabilityisjustasimportantassales(D)
A.whichB.thatC.whenD.where(2012重庆)
3.Thatevening,______Iwilltellyoumoreaboutlater,Iendedupworkingverylate.(B)
A.thatB.whichC.whatD.when(2012全国卷)
4.Weliveinanage______moreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore.(2012浙江)(B)
A.whyB.whenC.towhomD.onwhich
5.Inourclassthereare46students,______halfwearglasses.(2012四川)(C)
A.inwhomB.inthemC.ofwhomD.ofthem
6.Itisthethirdtimethatshehaswontherace,______hassurprisedusall.(2012陕西)(C)
A.thatB.whereC.whichD.what
7.Theairqualityinthecity,______isshowninthereport,hasimprovedoverthepasttwomonths.A.thatB.itC.asD.what(2012福建)(C)
8.Careofthesoulisagradualprocess_____eventhesmalldetailsoflifeshouldbeconsidered.
A.whatB.inwhatC.whichD.inwhich(D)(2012湖南)
9.IwishtothankProfessorSmith,without______helpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar.(B)
A.whoB.whoseC.whomD.which(2012天津)
10.Aftertheflooding,peopleweresufferinginthatarea,______urgentlyneededcleanwater,medicineandsheltertosurvive.(B)
A.whichB.whoC.whereD.what(2012江苏)
11.Mariahaswrittentwonovels,bothof________havebeenmadeintotelevisionseries.(C)
A.themB.thatC.whichD.what(2012山东)
12.By16:
30,______wasalmostclosingtime,nearlyallthepaintingshadbeensold.(A)
A.whichB.whenC.whatD.that(2012江西)
13.Haveyousentthank-younotestotherelativesfrom______youreceivedgifts?
(2012上海)
A.whichB.themC.thatD.whom(D)
14.Whendeeplyabsorbedinwork,______heoftenwas,hewouldforgetallabouteatingorsleeping.(2012北京)(B)
A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when
Translatethefollowingsentences.
1.我们在做出任何决定之前,应该听一听其他人的意见。
Beforewemadeanydecision,weshouldlistentowhattheotherssay.
2.她放弃了工作,以便能照顾两个孩子。
Shegaveupherjobinorderthatshecouldtakecareofthetwochildren.
3.他们正在花园里玩,突然听到一声尖叫。
Theywereplayinginthegardenwhentheyheardascream.
4.在漆黑的街上,没有一个她可以求助的人。
Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.
5.结果天气很好,这出乎我们的意料。
Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.
7.易与定语从句混淆的其他复合句
1定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系,而同位语从句是用来说明前面的内容。
that在定语从句中作成分,可用which或who/whom代替,而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用。
试比较:
Weallhaveheardthenewsthatourteamwon.(同位语从句)
Wedon’tbelievethenewsthat/whichhetoldusyesterday.(定语从句)
2定语从句与状语从句
Heleftthekeywherehehadbeenanhourbefore.(地点状语从句,相当于intheplacewhere)
Helefttheplacewhere/inwhichhelivedformanyyears.(定语从句,修饰theplace)
Heissuchagoodteacherasallofusloveandrespect.(定语从句)
Heissuchagoodteacherthatallofusloveandrespecthim.(结果状语从句)
3定语从句与主语从句
Asisknowntousall,paperwasfirstmadeinChina.(定语从句)
ItisknowntousallthatpaperwasfirstmadeinChina.(主语从句)
WhatisknowntousallisthatpaperwasfirstmadeinChina.(主语从句、表语从句)
4)定语从句与强调句型
ItisthehousewhereImettheyoungman.(定语从句)
ItwasinthehousethatImettheyoungman.(强调句型)
Consolidation
1.Occasionsarequiterare_____Ihavethetimetospendadaywithmykids.(D)
A.whoB.whichC.whyD.when
2.Iusedtolovethatfilm_____Iwasachild,butIdon’tfeelitthatwayanymore.
A.onceB.whenC.sinceD.although(B)
3.I’msorryyou’vebeenwaitingsolong,butit’llstillbesometime_____Briangetback.
A.beforeB.sinceC.tillD.after(A)
4.Yesterdayshesoldhercar,_____sheboughtamonthago.(D)
A.whomB.whereC.thatD.which
5.We’llhaveapicnicintheparkthisSunday_____itrainsorit’sverycold.(C)
A.sinceB.ifC.unlessD.until
6.Thecompaniesareworkingtogethertocreate_____theyhopewillbethebestmeansoftransportinthe21stcentury.(C)
A.whichB.thatC.whatD.who
7.TheywillflytoWashington,_____theyplantostayfortwoorthreedays.(A)
A.whereB.thereC.whichD.