职称英语理工类新增文章及翻译.docx
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职称英语理工类新增文章及翻译
2015年职称英语理工类新增文章及翻译
第四部分阅读理解…(106)
第九篇AnEssentialScientificProcess…(122)
*第二十二篇Real-WorldRobots…(147)
第五部分补全短文…(207)
第五篇ARecord-BreakingRover…(212)
*第九篇LighteningStrikes…(218)
+第十三篇AffectionateAndroids…(224)
第九篇 AnEssentialScientificProcess
Alllifeontheearthdependsupongreenplants.Usingsunlight,theplantsproducetheirownfood.Thenanimalsfeedupontheplants.Theytakeinthenutrientstheplantshavemadeandstored.Butthat’snotall.Sunlightalsohelpsaplantproduceoxygen.Someoftheoxygenisusedbytheplant,butaplantusuallyproducesmoreoxygenthanituses.Theexcessoxygenisnecessaryforanimalsandotherorganismstolive.
Theprocessofchanginglightintofoodandoxygeniscalledphotosynthesis.Besideslightenergyfromthesun,plantsalsousewaterandcarbondioxide.Thewatergetstotheplantthroughitsroots.Thecarbondioxideenterstheleavesthroughtinyopeningscalledstomata.Thecarbondioxidetravelstochloroplasts,specialcellsinthebodiesofgreenplants.Thisiswherephotosynthesistakesplace.Chloroplastscontainthechlorophyllsthatgiveplantstheirgreencolor.Thechlorophyllsarethemoleculesthattraplightenergy.Thetrappedlightenergychangeswaterandcarbondioxidetoproduceoxygenandasimplesugarcalledglucose.
Carbondioxideandoxygenmoveintoandoutofthestomata.Watervaporalsomovesoutofthestomata.Morethan90percentofwateraplanttakesinthroughitsrootsescapesthroughthestomata.Duringthedaytime,thestomataofmostplantsareopen.Thisallowscarbondioxidetoentertheleavesforphotosynthesis.Asnightfalls,carbondioxideisnotneeded.Thestomataofmostplantsclose.Waterlossstops.
Ifphotosynthesisceased,therewouldbelittlefoodorotherorganicmatterontheearth.Mostorganismswoulddisappear.Theearth’satmospherewouldnolongercontainoxygen.Photosynthesisisessentialforlifeonourplanet.
词汇:
nutrientn.营养物organismn.生物体,有机体carbondioxiden.二氧化碳
chloroplastn.叶绿体moleculen.分子vaporn.水蒸气oxygenn.氧气
photosynthesisn.光合作用chlorophylln.叶绿素glucosen.葡萄糖ceasev.停止
注释:
1.Thenanimalsfeedupontheplants.动物以植物为食。
练习:
1.Inthefirstparagraph,theword“excess”means
A heavy.B extra.C green.D liquid.
2.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotmovethroughaplant’sstomata?
A Carbondioxide.B Watervapor.C Oxygen.D Food.
3.Inthetitle,thetermEssentialScientificProcessrefersto
A photosynthesis.B theformationofglucose.
C globalwarming.D watergettingtotherootsofplants.
4.Thispassageisprimarilydevelopedby
A explainingaprocess.B tellingastory.
C comparingandcontrasting.D convincingthereaderofplants’importance.
5.Anothergoodtitleforthispassagewouldbe
A OxygenandCarbonDioxide.B PlantsandTheirRoots.
C HowPhotosynthesisWorks.D WhyOurEarthNeedsWater.
答案与题解:
1.B 前文讲到,植物产生的氧气一部分被植物自身消耗了,但植物消耗的氧气量远小于它们产生的氧气,因此可以推测这句话的意思应该是剩余的氧气对于动物以及其他生物体的生存是至关重要的。
excess在句中的意思是“超额的”,与extra“额外的”意思相近。
2.D 从第三段的第一、二句得知,二氧化碳、氧气和水蒸气都能从气孔中通过,唯一一个没有提到的是food“养分、食物”,因此该题选D项。
3.A 文章通篇都在讲Photosynthesis,即光合作頌钠作用和重要性,文章结尾又重申了Photosynthesisisessentialforlifeonourplanet,因此选A项。
B项是光合作用的一个部分,C、D项则毫不相干。
4.A 文章先是介绍了进行光合作用所需的原料和组织,又介绍了光合作用的过程,因此整个逻辑应该是解释过程,而不是讲故事或比较对比。
D项是“向读者说明植物的重要性”,这确实是文章的一个目的,但不是文章的组织方式。
5.C 文章的主题是光合作用的基本原理,因此选项C。
A、B项在文中有提及,但不是主旨,D项与本文无关。
*第二十二篇 RealWorldRobots
Whenyouthinkofarobot,doyouenvisionashiny,metallicdevicehavingthesamegeneralshapeasahumanbeing,performinghumanlikefunctions,andrespondingtoyourquestionsinamonotonevoiceaccentuatedbyhigh-pitchedtonesandbeeps?
Thisisthewaymanyofusimaginearobot,butintherealworld,arobotisnothumanoidatall.Insteadarobotoftenisavoiceless,box-shapedmachinethatefficientlycarriesoutrepetitiveordangerousfunctionsusuallyperformedbyhumans.Today’srobotismorethananautomaticmachinethatperformsonetaskagainandagain.Amodernrobotisprogrammedwithvaryingdegreesofartificialintelligence—thatis,arobotcontainsacomputerprogramthattellsithowtoperformtasksassociatedwithhumanintelligence,suchasreasoning,drawingconclusions,andlearningfrompastexperience.
Arobotdoesnotpossessahumanshapeforthesimplereasonthatatwo-leggedrobothasgreatdifficultyremainingbalanced.Arobotdoes,however,movefromplacetoplaceonwheelsandaxlesthatrollandrotate.Arobotevenhaslimbsthatswivelandmoveincombinationwithjointsandmotors.Tofinditswayinitssurroundings1,arobotutilizesvariousbuilt-insensors.Antennaeattachedtotherobot’sbasedetectanythingtheybumpinto.Iftherobotstartstoteeterasitmovesonanincline,agyroscopeorapenduluminsideitsensestheverticaldifferential.Todetermineitsdistancefromanobjectandhowquicklyitwillreachtheobject,therobotbouncesbeamsoflaserlightandultrasonicsoundwavesoffobstructionsinitspath2.Theseandothersensorsconstantlyfeedinformationtothecomputer,whichthenanalyzestheinformationandcorrectsoradjuststherobot’sactions.Asscienceandtechnologyadvance,therobottoowillprogressinitsfunctionsanduseofartificial-intelligenceprograms.
词汇:
envisionv.想象,预想devicen.装置accentuatev.强调,重读
artificialintelligencen.人工智能limbn.臂antennaen.天线inclinev.倾斜
pendulumn.钟摆ultrasonicadj.超声的metallicadj.金属的monotonen.单调的
humanoidadj.像人的axlen.轮轴rotatev.旋转swiveln.旋转teeterv.摇晃
gyroscopen.陀螺仪,回转仪verticaln.直立的
注释:
1.Tofinditswayinitssurroundings...:
为了在周围找到路……
2.therobotbouncesbeamsoflaserlightandultrasonicsoundwavesoffobstructionsinitspath:
机器人发射激光束和超声波,反射到障碍物上(以此来探知路径)。
练习:
1.Anothergoodtitleforthispassagewouldbe
A Robots:
TakingthePlaceofHumans.B ArtificialIntelligencePrograms.
C Today’sRobotsandHowTheyFunction.D Modern-DaySensors.
2.Artificialintelligenceis
A theunnaturalwayinwhichrobotsmove.
B avoiceless,box-shapedmachinethatperformsrepetitivetasks.
C sensorssuchasantennaeandagyroscope.
D acomputerprogramthatimitateshumanintellectualprocesses.
3.Thelastparagraphsuggeststhatfuturerobotswillbe
A morehumanlikeinbehaviorandactions.B morelikeautomaticmachines.
C betterabletomoveoninclines.D betterequippedwithlaserlightsensors.
4.Thewriterbeginsthepassagebycomparing
A theshapeofahumanbeingwithabox.B amodemrobotwithafictionalrobot.
Canimaginarymachinewithahuman.Dacomputerprogramwithartificialintelligence.
5.Thewordhumanoidmeans
A lackinghumancharacteristics.B anythinghavingtheappearanceofahumanoid.
C beingvoidorvacant.D havingahumanformorcharacteristics.
答案与题解:
1.C 从文中得知,文章主要介绍了机器人和它们的运行方式,因此选择C选项。
2.D Artificial是“人工”的意思,intelligence是“智能”的意思。
另外从文中得知,机器人使用artificialintelligence能够进行与人类类似的推理分析等活动,因此可知它是一种类似人类智能的计算机程序。
3.A 最后一段讲机器人的发展方向是更加智能,能够自己判断并修正行为,而不仅仅是完成重复性的工作。
4.B 文章开头的时候作者让读者描述他们脑海中的机器人概念,并随后介绍了实际的机器人是怎样的,因此选择B选项。
5.D 从humanoid的词根human可看出这个词是形容与人类有关的特征。
另外根据文章对这个词的描述可以得出这个词是表示和人类类似的特征,不管是外形上,还是行为方式上。
第五篇 ARecord-BreakingRover
NASA’sMarsroverOpportunityhasboldlygonewherenoroverhasgonebefore—atleastintermsofdistance.____1____
OnJuly27,afteryearsofmovingaboutonMartianground,thegolf-cart-sizedOpportunityhaddrivenmorethan24miles,beatingthepreviousrecordholder—aSovietroversenttothemoonin1973.
“ThisissoremarkableconsideringOpportunitywasintendedtodriveabout1kilometerandwasneverdesignedfordistance,”saysJohnCallas,theMarsExplorationRoverProjectManager.
____2____“Butwhatisreallyimportantlyisnothowmanymilestheroverhasrackedup,buthowmuchexplorationanddiscoverywehaveaccomplishedoverthatdistance.”
OPPORTUNITY
Thesolar-poweredOpportunityanditstwinrover,Spirit,landedonMars10yearsagoonamissionexpectedtolast3months.____3____
SpiritstoppedcommunicatingwithEarthinMarch2010,afewmonthsafteritgotstuckinasandpit.ButOpportunityhascontinuedtocollectandanalyzeMartiansoilandrocks.
Duringitsmission,Opportunityhascaptured,andsentbacktoEarth,some187,000panoramicandmicroscopicimagesofMarswithitscameras.____4____
MARATHONROVER
Theroverdoesn’tseemtobereadytostopjustyet.IfOpportunitycancontinueon,itwillreachanothermajorinvestigationsitewhenitsodometerhits26.2miles.____5____
ResearchersbelievethatclaymineralsexposednearMarathonValleycouldholdcluestoMars’sancientenvironment1.Opportunity’scontinuingtravelswillalsohelpresearchersastheyplanforaneventualhumanmissiontotheRedPlanet.
词汇:
Marsrovern.火星车panoramicadj.全景的
odometern.里程计rackupv.积累microscopicadj.微观的
注释1.couldholdcluestoMars’sancientenvironment:
含有与火星早期环境有关的线索。
练习:
A Ithasalsoprovidedscientistswithdataontheplanet’satmosphere,soil,rocks,andterrain.
B HeworksatNASA’sJetPropulsionLaboratoryinPasadena,California.
C ScientistscallthissiteMarathonValley,becausewhentheroverreachesthearea,itwillhavetraveledthesamedistanceasthelengthofamarathonsinceitsarrivalonMars.
D OpportunityhasbeenworkingonMarssinceJanuary2004.
E Theobjectiveoftheroverswastohelpscientistslearnmoreabouttheplanetandtosearchforsignsoflife,suchasthepossiblepresenceofwater.
F SincearrivingontheRedPlanetin2004,Opportunityhastraveled25.01miles,morethananyotherwheeledvehiclehasonanotherworld.
答案与题解:
1.F 前文讲“机遇号”在距离上比之前的任何漫游车行进的距离都长,因此接下来应该讨论关于行进距离的问题。
2.B 前文引入了一个新人物JohnCallas,而后文是他说的一些话,因此这里应该填写的内容是对这个人的进