英语论文 跨文化交际中肢体语言的沟通.docx

英语论文 跨文化交际中肢体语言的沟通.docx

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英语论文跨文化交际中肢体语言的沟通

Introduction

Asthetrendofglobalizationisstrengthenedstepbystep,internationalcommunicationisfrequentandimportantdaybyday.Thus,thesignificanceofbodylanguageininterculturalcommunicationhasbeengreatlyrealized.“Researchshowsthatwhenpeoplemeetsomeoneforthefirsttime,only7%oftheirinitialimpactonothersisdeterminedbythecontentofwhattheysay;theother93%oftheirmessageismadeupofbodylanguage（55%）andthetoneoftheirvoice（38%）.”

Bodylanguagehelpsustomanageandguardagainstthesetendencies,andalso-significantlyespeciallyinflirting/dating/matingrituals-bodylanguageoftenhelpspeopletocommunicateandresolverelationshipissueswhenconsciousbehaviourandspeechfailstodoso.

Bodylanguagehasevolvedinspiteofhumanawarenessandconsciousintelligence:

ratherlikeaguardianangel,bodylanguagecanhelptakecareofus,connectingustokindredsouls,andprotectingusfromthreats.Whiletheimportanceofbodylanguageincommunicationsandmanagement,etc.,hasbecomeapopularinterestandscienceinthelastfewdecades,humanbeingshavereliedonbodylanguageinstinctivelyinmanywaysformanythousandsofyears.

Andthusthispaperintendstopresentitsmeaningandclassification,culturaldifferencesandanalyzethefactorsthatinfluencebodythatinfluenceourcommunicationofbodylanguagesothatwecanimproveourcommunicationskillsandabilitiesbyunderstandingitwell.

2BodyLanguage

2.1DefinitionofBodyLanguage

Bodylanguageisatermforcommunicationusingbodymovementsorgesturesinsteadof,orinadditionto,sounds,verballanguageorothercommunication.Itformspartofthecategoryofparalanguage,whichdescribesallformsofhumancommunicationthatarenotverballanguage.Thisincludesthemostsubtleofmovementsthatmanypeoplearenotawareof,includingwinkingandslightmovementoftheeyebrows.Inadditionbodylanguagecanalsoincorporatetheuseoffacialexpressions.

Westernscholarshavemadealotofdefinitionsaboutit,themostvividandspecificdefinitionisthatbodylanguageisthenon-verballanguagewhichcanexpressinformationthatlanguagecannotexpressandtheactionsmostpeoplecanunderstand.

Togetgoodatreadingbodylanguage,gooutanddothe“R”overandover.Openyoureyesandears.Turnoffyourbiased,over-analyticalbrainandobservethewayachildobserves.Atoddlerseesobjectsandactionsinamorestand-alonewaythanadults,whogotoextraordinarymeanstomakeconnections.Hehasnopreexistingframeworktooverlayhisobservationsonto,sohe’samuchbettercollectorofpurebodylanguagethanolder,wellsocializedpeople.Ifyouplaceawrappedboxonthetableinfrontofayoungchildcapableofspeech,thequestionsareendless.Asyougetolder,youanswerthequestionsforyourself,assumingyouknowwhateverythingmeans.

2.2TheClassificationofBodyLanguage

Bodylanguagecanbedividedintoeyecontractlanguage,bodytoucheslanguage,postureandgesture,manner,facialexpression,flavorlanguage,proxemicsandclotheslanguage.Andinthispaperjustintroducefourofthem:

eyecontract,bodydistance,facialexpressionandgesture.

2.2.1Eyecontract

A16thcenturyproverbcallstheeyesthewindowstothesoul.Morethan500yearslater,theproverbhasassumedthestatureofgospel.Whenyoureallyunderstandtheeyes,you'llseehowclosetheproverbistothemark.

Someofthefollowingwordsusedtodescribeaperson'seyesarehearddaily:

direct,sensual,sardonic,expressive,intelligent,penetrating,sad,cheerful,worldly,hard,trusting,andsuspicious.Moststudents,aswellasyourpersonalobservations,tellyouthatculturemodifiestheamountofeyecontactinwhichyouengageandwhoistherecipientoftheeyecontact.

IftwoArabiansareinconversation,theywilllookateachotherwarmly.Becausetheythinkeyesarethekeyoftheirexistence.ButinAmericaneyes,theythinkthisbehaviorisunsuitableorahomosexualbehavior.TheeducatedEnglishmenbelievedirecteyecontactwithourcommunicatorsisgentlemanly.Japaneseoftenlookattheothercommunicator’sneckwhentheyareinconversation.Theybelieveeyecontactisimpolite.AndChineseconsidergazingpeopleisanunfriendlybehavioranditisachallenge.SomeSouthAmericanIndiansusedtolookatdifferentdirectionswhentheyaretalking.IntheMiddleEast,itisconsideredextremelyprovocativeforawomantoletamancatchhereyes,letalone,returnhisgaze.

2.2.2Gesture

Gestureactionlanguageisahighlyexpressivebodylanguage,itisnotonlyrichindiversity,butalsosimpleandintuitive,soIuseawiderange,highfrequency,effectivegood.Agoodexampleistheawardin2005CCTVSpringFestivalGala'smostpopulardanceaudienceshowspecialawardcategoryof'Avalokitesvara',21liveinthesilentgirlintheworldofsignlanguagewiththeirhundredsofmillionstothenationtransmissionofinformationtheaudiencetoexpressNewYear'sblessing.

Inaverygeneralsense,weallusegesturestoreinforceanideaortohelpdescribesomething.Whenwesay,“That’sanEnglishbook”,atthesametimewearepointingtothebook.Ifsomeoneasksusthewaytothelibrary,wepointtotheright,addingalittleinformationaboutit,whichwillbemoreclearandconcrete.Weliketouseourhandstoindicatethedimensionswhensomeoneasksustodescribethesizeorshapeofsomething.

Americansoftentouchtheirtemplestoexpresssomebody’scleverness.Butthisactionmeansthereissomethingwrongwithone’smindoroneisstupidtoChinese.ChineseareoftensurprisedtoseeAmericanslaytheirhandsontheirneckswhentheyarefull.BecauseitisansuicideactiontoChinese,whousedtoexpressfullnessbypattingtheirstomachs.Andanotherexample,

2.2.3Facialexpression

Faceistheorganofexpression.Morrisconjecturedthatitistheeasiesttocontrolbecauseitistheclosesttothebrain.Whenitcomestotheface,Ithinkwe’redealingwithaparadox:

Thefaceisboththeeasiestandthehardestareaofthebodytocontrol.Therearemanythingswedowithourfacesthatwearen'tevenawareofbecausetheyaresecondnature.Alotofemotioncomesoutthroughthebrowinbothvoluntaryandinvoluntaryexpressions.Weusetheforeheadmuscleswhenwenormallyinteractwithpeople,evenonthephone,andwedevelopwrinklesasaresult.IfMorriswererightandwecancontrolthemusclesinthefacemoreeasilythanothers,thenwewouldn'tbeusingsomuchBotox.Wecouldvoluntarilystopusingthemusclesthatcreatetheproblem,andevenvoluntarilyreversetheprocessofwrinklingbyexercisingthem.

Inaddition,ifthefacewereunderourcontrol,morefacialmovementswouldbecultural,notuniversal.Facialmovementsbecomepracticedbehaviorovertime,becausewelearnhowtopresentanevensmilewhenmeetingsomeoneandanarchedeyebrowwhenourkiddropsmustardonthefloor.Buttheplethoraofmusclesinourfacesmakesithardforustokeeptrackofthem.Weoftendonotevenrealizetherangeofemotionsandphysiologicalreactionsweexpresswithourfaces.Whatdoesthatupturnedbrowmean?

Isthereadifferenceifthepersonsendingthemessageismaleorfemale?

Ifthereceiverismaleorfemale?

Theheadistheworkhorseofcommunication.Andalthoughmuchofwhatitconveysisintentional,westillleakmessagesthatareimpossibletocover.

2.2.4Bodydistance

Psychologistsdiscoveranypersonneedspersonalspace,yetskinsarenottheboundaryofpersonalspace,theirpersonalspacesareencircledbybubblesandotherpeoplecan’tbreakinatwill.

Peoplealwayscarrypersonalspacewiththemnomatterhowfartheywillgo,andtheyalwayshaveakindofinstinctivecommonsenseofself-guard.Sothespeakerstalkingwithhimneedtokeepadistanceduringconversationtoavoidoffence.TheanthropologistandsocialistDoctorHalladvanced4kindsofdefinitionsforit.1.Intimatedistance（0-45cm）—properforspouseandlovers;2.personaldistance（5-120cm）—Properforfriends,acquaintances,andrelatives;3.socialdistance（120-360cm）—properfordealingwithimpersonalthing;4,publicdistance（360-750cm）—properforinformalparty.

"TakeBritainandItalianforexample,therewouldbeaveryinterestingsensewhenpeoplefromthetwocountriesaretalkingtoeachother.ItseemsthattheItalianwouldalwaysbetheaggressorwhiletheEnglishbethedefender.However,intheirowncondition,theyjustwanttoholdthecommunicationspacetheyusedto."Aperson'suseofspaceisdirectlylinkedtothevaluesystemoftheirculture.Forexample,orientalpeoplecouldbearthephysicaltouchinacrowdbus,whilewesternpeoplemayfinditunabletoendure.Astopersonalspace,Chinese,Japanese,evenmostofAsianpeoplehavefewerrequirementsthanwesternpeople.Forwesternersvaluemoreonindividualism.

2.3FunctionsofNonverbalCommunication

Nonverbalcommunication,likeverbalcommunicationisalsoapartofcultureandthecarrierofacertainculture.Thefunctionofnonverbalcommunicationinthewholecommunicationcan’tbeoverlooked.“Inthedailycommunication,wecanseepeoplecan’tcommunicateefficientlybyverballanguagealone.Andnonverbalcommunicationwillexpressclearmeaningsinacertaincontext.Andacertainnonverbalcommunicationshouldbeconnectedwithverbalcommunicationortheothernonverbalcommunicationtoprovidecorrectinformation.”Soincommunicativeactivities,nonverbalcommunicationalsoplaysagreatrole.Ofcourse,weshouldpaycloseattentiontothefunctionsofnonverbalcommunication.“Inanycase,whenverbalcommunicationconflictswithnonverbal