英国文学与美国文学的重点.docx

英国文学与美国文学的重点.docx

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英国文学与美国文学的重点

英美文学重点English&AmericanLiterature

Old&MedievalEnglishLiterature

OldEnglish:

450-1066

thenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saons

MedievalEnglish：

1066-middle14thcentury

GeoffreyChaucer-thefatherofEnglishpoetry（wisdom,humor,humanity）

firsttimetouse'heroiccouplet'

TheRenaissancePeriod:

14th–mid17thstartedinItaly

Aseriesofhistoricalevents:

1.rediscoveryofancientRoman&Greekculture

2.newdiscoveriesingeography&astrology（占星学）

3.thereligiousreformation&economicexpansion

TheRenaissance-rebirthorrevival

Humanism-theessenceoftheRenaissance,thedignityofhumanbeing&theimportanceofthepresentlife

Bestrepresentatives:

ThomasMore,ChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeare

TheElizabethandrama:

therealmainstreamofEnglishRenaissance

Mostfamousdramatists:

ChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeare,BenJonson

EdmundSpenser-thepoets'poet

5quality:

1）aperfectmelody2）araresenseofbeauty3）asplendidimagination

4）alofty（高尚的）moralpurityandseriousness5）adedicatedidealism

lament（哀悼）overthelossofRosalind

主角：

Arthur-whopossess12virtues

Gloriana–theFairyQueen

Thethemeisnot“Armsandtheman,”butsomethingmoreromantic–“Fiercewarresandfaithfullloves”

READING:

excerptfromTheFaerieQueene仙后

Content:

RedcrosseKnightsetoutonhisadventures.

ChristopherMarlowe–“UniversityWits”,thepioneerofEnglishdrama

Hyperbole（夸张）

Marlowe’sachievement:

1）blankverse无韵诗歌

ItisMarlowewhobroughtvitality（活力）andgrandeur（伟大）intotheblankversewithhis“mightylines,”whichcarrystrongemotions.

2）hiscreationoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama.（notstrongindramaticconstruction.）

→thepioneerofEnglishdrama

3tragedies:

thehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness

帖木耳大帝aplayaboutanambitiousandpitilessoverpoweringking.

马尔他的犹太人

non-dramapastoral（田园的）life，themostbeautifullyrics（抒情诗）

READING:

1.excerptfromDr.Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧

AplaybasedontheGermanlegend

Content:

Faustusisascholarwhohasastrongdesiretoacquireknowledge.Byconjuration（念咒文召唤）hecallupMephistophilis,theDevil’sservant.Hemakeabond（契约）tosellhissoultotheDevilinreturnfor24yearsoflifeinwhichMephistophilistogivehimeverythinghedesires.Devil’snameisLucifer.

Dominantmoralishumanratherthanreligious

2.ThePassionate（热情的）ShepherdtoHisLove

thisshortpoemisconsideredtobeoneofthemostbeautifullyrics（抒情诗）inEnglishliterature.

Theshepherd（牧羊人）enjoyanidealcountrylife,cherishing（珍爱）apastoral（田园的）andpureaffectionforhislove.Strongemotionisconveyedthroughthebeautyofnature.

WilliamShakespeare–playwright&poet（aboveallwritersinthepastandinthepresenttime）

1.,…

2.,,,…

Comedies:

,,…

Tragedy:

romantictragedy.Topraisethefaithfulnessofloveandthespiritofpursuinghappiness.

3.Fourtragedies-,,&

4.tragicomedies：

Achievement:

A.exploringthecharacters’sinnermind.

soliloquy（独白）ormonologue-fullyrevealtheinnerconflictofthecharacters

contrasts–bringvividnesstothecharacters

B.adroit（精巧的）plotconstruction

C.Ironyisagoodmeansofdramaticpresentation.Disguiseisanimportantdevicetocreatedramaticirony.

D.thelanguage.

READING：

1.Sonnet18（14line）

eternalorimmortal（不朽的）beauty,haveafaithinthepermanenceofpoetry.

Anicesummer’sdayisusuallytransient（短暂的）,butthebeautyinpoetrycanlastforever.

2.excerptfromTheMerchantofVenice

topraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaaheroineofgreatbeauty,witandloyalty,toexposetheinsatiable（不知足的）greedandbrutalityoftheJew.

Doubleplot:

（1）BassanioaskAntonioforaloansothathemightmarriagewithPortia

（2）AntonioborrowmoneyfromShylock,theJewishusurer.ShylockmakeastrangebondthatrequiresAntoniotosurrenderapoundofhisfleshifhefailtorepayhimwithinacertainperiodoftime.Portiadisguisedasayounglawyerinstructedtojudgethecase:

Shylockcantakehispoundofflesh,butthereisnomentionofbloodinthebond.Otherwise,hislandsandgoodswillbeconfiscated（充公）accordingtohelawofVenice.

3．ExcerptfromHamlet

hesitatebetweenfactandfiction,languageandaction,toosophisticated（复杂的）todegradehisnaturetotheconventionalroleofastagerevenger

content:

Hamlet,theprince,appearinginamoodofworld-weariness（厌世）occasionedbyhisfather’sdeathandhismother’shastyremarriagewithClaudius,hisfather’sbrother.HamletisinformedthatClaudiushasmurderedhisfatherandthentakenoverbothhisfather’sthroneandwidow.ThusHamletisurgedtoseekrevenge.

Note:

Tobe,ornottobe-toliveoninthisworldortodie;tosufferortotakeaction

FrancisBacon–philosopher,scientist,essayist,laythefoundationformodernscience

HisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature.

Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactness&powerfulness,well-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblicalallusions（典故）,metaphors（隐喻）andcadence（韵律）.

man’sunderstandingconsistsofthreeparts:

historytoman’smemory,poetrytoman’simaginationandcreation,andphilosophytoman’sreason.

writteninLatinonmethodology方法论

Baconsuggeststheinductivereasoning归纳法（i.e.proceedingfromtheparticulartothegeneral）

inplaceofAristotelianmethod,thedeductivereasoning演绎法（i.e.proceedingfromthegeneraltotheparticular）

READING:

OfStudies

usesandbenefitsofstudy–studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Studiesperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience.Differentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies-studiesandexperiencearecomplementary（互补）toeachother.Thecorrectattitudetoreadingbooks-toweighandconsider.Howstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter-readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.

JohnDonne

〝Metaphysicalpoetry〞（玄学诗）-breakawayfromlovepoetry,thediction（用语）issimple,theimageryisfromtheactual,theformisfrequentlyanargumentwiththepoet’sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.

A）conceitsB）syllogism（三段论）

Poetry早期:

holdsthatthenatureofloveistheunionofsoulandbody.

晚期:

religiouspoem

Prose:

hissermons,whicharebothrichandimaginative

READING:

1.TheSunRising2.Death,BeNotProud（asonnet,14lines）

thebusysunisalwaysreadytointerferewithotherthingsandeverywhere

whateveryouare,youcannotescapefromdeath.Whenyouareliving,youarealwaysintheshadowofdeath.Deathonlylastsamoment,ourlifeafterdeathiseternal.Themorepleasurethedeathgivespeople,notonlythepleasureoftherest&thesleep,because'whomthegodslovedieyoung'.Thoughdeathisusuallyconsideredpowerful,itactuallyprovidesarestforaman'sbodyandabirthforhissoul.

JohnMilton

Achievement:

1）theearlypoeticworks2）themiddleprose（散文）3）thelastgreatpoems

Elegy（挽歌）-利西达斯（hisearlywork）

Epic（史诗）-

Dramaticpoem（诗剧）-力士参孙themostperfectexampleoftheversedramaaftertheGreekstyleinEnglish.

READING:

excerptfromParadiseLost

theonlygenerallyacknowledgedepicinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf.Theconflictisbetweenhumanloveandspiritualduty.ThefreedomofthewillisthekeystoneofMilton’screed（纲领）.

TakefromtheOldTestament,thethemeisthe“FallofMan”:

SatanrebelagainstGodandaredrivenfromHeaven.Hedeterminedtorevengebyseduce（引诱）AdamandEvetoeatthefruitfromtheTreeofKnowledgeagainstGod’sinstructions.So,AdamandEveareexiledbyGodfromtheparadise.

TheNeoclassicalPeriod:

1660-1798withthepublicationofLyricalballadsbyWordsworthandColeridge

-arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,order,logic,restrainedemotion（抑制情感）&accuracy

theAgeofEnlightenment/Reason–themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15thand16thcentries,aprogressiveintellectualmovement,reason（rationality）,equality&science（the18thcentury）

modernEnglishnovel–newlyrisingliteraryform现实主义小说诞生（themid-century）

Gothicnovel（哥特式小说）-mystery,horror&castles（frommiddleparttotheendofcentury）

JohnBunyan

REAING:

TheVanityFair名利场anexcerptformThePilgrim’sProgress（天路历程）

,areligiousallegory（寓言）,itspurposeistourgepeopletoabidebyChristiandoctrinesandseeksalvation（拯救）throughconstantstruggleswiththeirownweaknessesandallkindsofsocialevils.Itspredominantmetaphor–lifeasajourney

AlexanderPope

oneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland,forhimthesupremevaluewasorder.

READING:

excerptfromAnEssayonCriticism（论批评）

apoemwritteninheroiccouplets（对句）,criticizethepresentpoemlackoftruetaste&callonpeopletoturntotheoldGreekandRomanwritersforguidance,truewitwhichisbestsetinaplain（simple&clear）style.

DanielDefoe-thefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople,hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacula