八下知识讲解U4.docx
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八下知识讲解U4
文德森教育知识归纳
新目标英语八年级下册
Unit4HesaidIwashard-working.
1.直接引语（DirectSpeech）是指原封不动的引用原话，把它放在引号内，例如：
Mothertoldme,“Youshouldfinishyourhomeworkfirst,thenyoucangooutandplaywithyourfriends.”
Theysaid,“Wewanttohavearest.”
间接引语（ReportedSpeech，又叫IndirectSpeech）即用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内。
上面两个例句变成间接引语应该是：
MothertoldmethatIshouldfinishmyhomeworkfirstandthenIcouldgooutandplaywithmyfriends.
Theysaidtheywantedtohavearest.
2.当我们把直接引语变成间接引语时，由于引述动词（said，told等）一般都是过去时形式，因此间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等一般都要做相应的变化。
有下面几种情况：
1）现在时间推移到过去时间
所谓现在时间推移到过去时间指一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变成过去进行时，现在完成时变成过去完成时。
例如：
Shesaid,“Iamhungry.”
－>Shesaid（that）shewashungry.
Hesaid,“Thefamilyarefightingamongthemselves.”
－>Hesaid（that）thefamilywerefightingamongthemselves.
Tomsaid,“Ihavefoundwhat’swrongwiththecomputer.”
－>Tomsaidhehadfoundwhatwaswrongwiththecomputer.
在下列场合，尽管陈述动词为过去时形式，间接引语中的动词时态却不必改变，即：
a）当引述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯工作以及格言等内容时：
Hesaid,“Theword‘laser’isanacronym（首字母缩略词）.”
－>Hesaidtheword‘laser’isanacronym.
b）当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时：
“I’mforty,”hesaid.－>Hesaidheisforty.
c）当谓语动词包含无过去时形式的情态助动词时：
Hesaid,“Itmustbeprettylate.Ireallymustgo.”
－>Hesaiditmustbeprettylate,andhereallymustgo.
Hesaid,“Youmustn’tsmokeintheroom.”－>HesaidImustn’tsmokeintheroom.
2）过去时间推移到过去的过去
这里需要注意以下几点：
a）当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时，一般过去时要变成过去完成体。
例如：
Hesaid,“Ididn’tknowyou.”－>Hesaidhehadn’tknownme.
当“过去的过去”已经不言自明，或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现，或者侧重于强调所转述的事实本身时，一般过去时形式可以不变。
例如：
Annsaid,“Shewasbornin1981.”－>Annsaidshewasbornin1981.
b）过去进行时可以变成过去完成进行时，也可以不变。
例如：
Robertsaid,“IwasjokingwithMary.”
－>RobertsaidhehadbeenjokingwithMary.
RobertsaidhewasjokingwithMary.
c）过去完成时仍为过去完成时，不需改变。
例如：
Hesaid,“Wehadn’treturnedtothestorewhenshecame.”
－>Hesaidtheyhadn’treturnedtothestorewhenshecame.
d）时间状语分句中的一般过去式或者过去进行时可以不变。
例如：
Johnsaid,“WhenIlivedinLondonIoftensawJane.”
－>JohnsaidwhenhelivedinLondonhehadoftenseenJane.
JohnsaidwhenhelivedinLondonheoftensawJane.
3）将来时间推移到过去将来时间
最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去时形式。
例如：
Hesaid,“We’respendingnextweekendathome.”
－>Hesaidtheywerespendingthenextweekendathome.
Shesaid,“Themilkwillgooff（变质）ifyoudon’tdrinkittoday.”
－>ShesaidthemilkwouldgooffifIdidn’tdrinkitthatday.
Theysaid,“We’regoingtoHawaiithissummervacation.”
－>TheysaidtheyweregoingtoHawaiithatsummervacation.
但是，在引述时，如果原话中的动作或者状态属于尚未到来的将来时间，那么，可以不推移到过去将来时间。
例如：
Hesaid,“I’llbewaitingforyoutomorrow.”
－>Hesaidhewillbewaitingformetomorrow.
4）人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语的变化
由上面的例子可以看出，当直接引语变成间接引语时，除动词时态变化外，人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等通常也作相应的变化。
a）人称代词，除引述本人原话外，通常第一、二人称变为第三人称，或者第二人称变为第一人称；限定词也作相应的变化。
例如：
Hesaid,“Weloveourcountry.”－>Hesaidtheylovetheircounty.
b）指示代词this，these分别变成that/it，those/they或them；指示限定词this，those通常变为that，those或the。
例如：
“Thishouseisveryexpensive,”shesaid.
－>Shesaidthathousewasveryexpensive.
Thechildrencamebackwithtwowalletsandsaid,“Wepickedtheseuponthepavement.”
－>Thechildrencamebackwithtwowalletsandsaidtheyhadpickedthemuponthepavement.
c）时间状语在间接引语中的变化有三种情况：
i）时间状语和动词时态两者都变。
例如：
Hesaid,“Itwascompletesayearago.”
－>Hesaidithadbeencompletedayearbefore.
ii）时间状语不变，动词时态可变可不变。
例如：
Shesaid,“WeleftParisat8a.m.”
－>ShesaidtheyhadleftParisat8a.m.
ShesaidtheyleftParisat8a.m.
iii）时间状语变与不变需视具体情况而定，如果引述时间和说话时间（如同一年、同一月、同一天等），时间状语可不变。
例如：
Mr.Blacksaid,“WestartedlearningChineselastmonth.”
－>Mr.BlacksaidtheyhadstartedlearningChineselastmonth.（同一月引述）
－>Mr.BlacksaidtheyhadstartedlearningChinesethepreviousmonth.（可在同一月引述，也可不在同一月引述）
时间状语在间接引语中的变化规则如下：
直接引语间接引语
todaythatday
thismorning/afternoon,etc.thatmorning/afternoon,etc.
yesterdaythedaybefore,thepreviousday
（the）daybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbefore
tomorrowthenextday,thefollowingday
（the）dayaftertomorrowtwodaysafter,intwodays’time
nextweek/month,etc.thenextweek/month,etc.
lastweek/monththeweek/monthbefore
nowthen
d）地点状语here通常变为there；但若说话人所在地也就是引述人所在地，可仍用here，也可用具体地点代替here。
例如：
Shesaid,“Ifirstmetyourbrotherhere.”
－>Shesaidshefirstmetmybrotherthere.
“Arethechildrenhere?
”Fatherasked.
－>Fatheraskedwhetherthechildrenwerehere.
好了，让我们来检查一下这些知识点的掌握情况。
一、请将下面的直接引语变成间接引语：
1.Theplumbersaid,“Ican’tfixthebathtubtodaybecauseI’msick”
_____________________________________________________________________
2.Grandmasaid,“Grandpaisfeelingmuchbettertoday.”
_____________________________________________________________________
3.Mr.andMrs.Davissaid,“Wewon’tbeabletocometodinnerthisSaturdaynight.”
_____________________________________________________________________
4.Thelandlordsaid,“Ihaven’treceivedthismonth’srentyet.”
_____________________________________________________________________
5.CousinSuesaid,“I’msorryIdidn’thavetimetocomeoverandvisitlastSaturday.”
_____________________________________________________________________
6.UncleHarrysaid,“I’llcallbacklater.”
_____________________________________________________________________
7.Theneighborsacrossthestreetsaid,“Wewererobbedlastnight!
”
_____________________________________________________________________
8.Sallysaid,“I’matmyfriendJuliet’shousenow.”
_____________________________________________________________________
9.Mothersaid,“Yoursisterandbrother-in-lawaregoingtohaveababy.”
_____________________________________________________________________
10.Auntysaid,“Therewasabigfireatthehighschool.”
_____________________________________________________________________
二、请用第三人称转述下面三封电子邮件。
1.Subject:
Mother’sDay
InItalywecelebratetheMother’sdayonthe2ndSundayofMay,that’swhystudentsdon’tgotoschoolandadultsarenotatwork.Sonsanddaughtersusuallygivetheirmotheralittlepresentlikeflowers,chocolatesorapieceofcostumejewelry.
ElisabettafromItaly
2.Subject:
Father’sDay
IbelieveFather’sDayoccursonthethirdSundayofJune.Weuseittogiveourfathersachancetorestandrelax,anddothingstheyenjoy,suchasfishing,golf,etc.Theyneedabreak!
UsuallymyfamilywillbuyDadacard,takehimtoeatandplay.
FromtheUnitedStatesbyMelissa
3.Subject:
Christmas
OntheChristmasevewedancearoundtheChristmastreeandSaintNicolaus.InmyfamilyweeatPorridgeintheeveningandwehaveaChristmastreeinthelivingroom.IntheChristmastreewehavecandlesandotherdecorationslikeredgoldenballsandredhearts.
FromSwedenbyGresa
参考答案：
一、1.Theplumbersaidhecouldn’tfixthebathtubthatdaybecausehewassick.
2.GrandmasaidGrandpawasfeelingmuchbetterthatday.
3.Mr.andMrs.Davissaidtheywouldn’tbeabletocometodinnerthatSaturdaynight.
4.Thelandlordsaidhehadn’treceivedthatmonth’srentyet.
5.CousinSuesaidshewassorryshehadn’thadtimetocomeoverandvisitthepreviousSaturday.
6.UncleHarrysaidhewouldcallbacklater.
7.Theneighboracrossthestreetsaidtheyhadbeenrobbedthenightbefore.
8.SallysaidshewasatherfriendJuliet’shousethen.
9.Mothersaidmysisterandbrother-in-lawweregoingtohaveababy.
10.Auntysaidtherehadbeenabigfireatthehighschool.
二、1.ElisabettafromItalysaidinItalytheycelebratedtheMother’sDayonthe2ndSundayofMay,andthatwaswhystudentsdidn’tgotoschoolandadultswerenotatwork.Shesaidsonsanddaughtersusuallygavetheirmotheralittlepresentlikeflowers,chocolatesorapieceofcostumejewelry.
2.MelissafromtheUnitedStatessaidshebelievedFather’sDayoccurredonthethirdSundayofJune.Shesaidtheyusedittogivetheirfathersachancetorestandrelax,andtodothingstheyenjoy,suchasfishing,golf,etc.Shesaidtheyneededarest.
Melissaalsosaidusuallyherfamilywouldbuyherfatheracard,takehimtoeatandplay.
3.GresafromSwedensaidontheChristmasevetheydancedaroundtheChristmastreeandSaintNicolaus.ShesaidinherfamilytheyeatPorridgeintheeveningandtheyhadaChristmastreeinthelivingroom.ShealsosaidintheChristmastreetheyhadcandlesandotherdecorationslikeredgoldenballsandredhearts.
学科：
英语
教学内容：
HesaidIwashard-working.
Title
HesaidIwashard-working
Topic
Tellingastory
Functions
Reportwhatsomeonesaid
Structures
Reportedspeech
Simplepasttense
Canforability
Targetlanguage
Whatdidyourmathteachersay?
HesaidIwashard-working.
Icanspeakthreelanguages.
Whatdidshesay?
Shesaidshecouldspeakthreelanguages.
Vocabulary
hard-working,reportcard,candobetter,speaking,listening
average,OK
Recycling
soapoperas,party,surprise,house,drinks,snacks,lazy,beach,tomorrow
math,Spanish,history,science
Why…,Ican…
Good
Friday,Saturday
LearningStrategies
Listeningforkeywords
Self-evaluating
Ⅰ．WordsandExpressions:
（n.名词adj.形容词adv.副词v.动词prep.介词）
单词/短语
词性
词义
讲解与例句
report
v.
报道；报告
Shereportsdirectlytotheboardofdirectors.她直接向董事会负责。
surprise
n.
惊奇
Tomysurprise,everyonepassedthefinalexam.
令我惊奇的是，每个人都通过了考试。
mad
adj.
十分恼火的
bemadat对。
。
。
非常恼火
Shewasmadwithmeforlosingmykeys.
她为我丢了钥匙而生我的气。
however
adv.
无论如何
Thisbookisexpensive,however,it’sworthit.这本书很贵，却很值。
message
n.
消息；信息
There’samessageforyoufromyourcousin.你表兄给你捎来个口信。
response
n.
回答；答复
Theymakeaquickresponsetomyinquiry.
他们对我的询问很快做了答复。
suppose
v.
假定；认为
Isupposeyouareright.我想你说得对。
Wearenotsupposedtoplayfootballo
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