高考英语 阅读微技能训练 科普类阅读.docx

高考英语 阅读微技能训练 科普类阅读.docx

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高考英语阅读微技能训练科普类阅读

2019-2020年高考英语阅读微技能训练科普类阅读

I.科普类文章的特点

科普知识与现代技术是高中课程标准规定的话题之一。

此类题材的文章涉及内容广泛，如天文地理、生物医药、发明创造、计算机技术等等。

这类文章的总体特点是：

科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。

具体说来它有以下几个特点：

1.文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。

2.句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。

为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。

　3.常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。

4.科技环保类文章在高考英语试题中出现的频率最高，一直是高考的主要测试内容，此类文章一般为说明文，但也常常夹杂着叙述和议论，并经常出现一些较新的科技名词或术语。

着重从不同侧面考查学生筛选、提取、推断信息的能力。

考生若经常阅读英语报刊，具备丰富的课外知识，并积累一定的时新词汇，对解读此类文章会大有帮助。

[Example1]

Animalscanmovefromplacetoplace，butplantscannot.Whenananimalisunderattack，itcanrunawayorfightback.Plantscertainlycannotrunaway，andtheylackteethandclaws.Butplantscandefendthemselvesbyusingbothphysicalandchemicalmeans.

Someplantshavetheirownwaystokeepanimalsaway.Forexample，theleavesofthehollyplanthavesharpspinesthatdiscouragegrass-eatinganimals.Hollyleavesonlowerbrancheshavemorespinesthanleavesonupperbranches.Thisisbecausethelowerleavesareeasierformostanimalstoreach.

Someplants，suchastheoaktree，havethickandhardleavesthataredifficultforanimalstoeat.Somegrassesmaycontainasandymaterial；eatingsuchgrasseswearsdowntheanimal’steeth.

Manyplantsalsohavechemicaldefenses.Someplantsproducechemicalsthattastebitterorcauseanunpleasantreaction.Someplantsmayfightagainstanattackbyincreasingtheproductionofthesechemicals.Whenacaterpillarbitesatobaccoleaf，theleafproducesachemicalmessenger.Thismessengersendstotherootstheinformationtoproducemorenicotine.Thehigherlevelsofnicotinediscouragethecaterpillar.

Manyplantsdependonbothphysicalandchemicaldefenses.AcertainplantinChina，forinstance，haspricklyleaves，andeachpricklecontainspoisonousvenom.Asingleexperiencewiththiskindofplantwillteachananimaltostayawayfromitinthefuture.

1.Thehollyplanthasmorespinesonthelowerleavesbecausemostanimals_____________.

　A.arenottallenoughB.likethelowerleavesonly

　C.arenotcleverenoughD.cangetthelowerleaveseasily

2.Todefendthemselves，oaktreesuse___________.

　　A.chemicalmeansB.physicalmeans　　C.bitterchemicalsD.sandymaterials

3.Howdoestobaccoprotectitselfagainstanattackfromacaterpillar?

　A.Itsleavesfightagainsttheattackbyphysicalmeans.

　B.Itsrootssendamessengertodiscouragethecaterpillar.

　C.Itsrootsincreasetheproductionofnicotinewhenitisattacked.

　D.Itsleavesproducepoisonoussandtodrivethecaterpillaraway.

4.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?

A.PlantsandAnimalsB.HowPlantsDefendThemselves

　　C.AttacksandDefensesD.HowAnimalsEatPlantLeaves

Summary:

这类文章的主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中细节和推理判断题居多。

建议如下：

1.细节理解题的解答关键是依靠题干找准答题区间，着重研读某一段落，注意用词的肯定性、可能性、推测性便能解决问题。

2.推理判断题的解答，要先整体感知；然后再扣住关键语句，充分认识哪些信息是最重要的，是事关全局的，增强筛选和提取的自觉性；最后对照题目，逐一找准题干每一选项对应的区间，按需踩点，与原文进行对照比较，瞻前顾后找准联系。

3.要熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。

科普类文章一般由导语（Introduction），背景（Background），主体（Mainbody）和结尾（End）五部分构成。

导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。

背景交待一个事实的起因。

主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述，这一部分命题往往最多。

因此，阅读时，同学们要把这部分作为重点。

结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，常在此要设计一道推理判断题。

[Example2]

Forthosewhoaretireddoingthelaundry,Samsunghasfoundananswer:

awashingmachinethatcantellyouwhenyourlaundryisdoneviaasmartphoneapp（application）.

Strangethoughitmayseem—“mywifealreadydoesthat”wasamonresponseamongattendeesviewingthedevicewhenitwasintroducedattheConsumerElectronicsShow（CES）thisweek—Samsungisjustoneofmanyappliancemakersracingtoinstallalargenumberofinternet-connectedfeaturesinmachinesinanefforttomakethem“smart”.

Lastyear,itwasarefrigeratorthattweeted.Thisyear,it’sWi-Fi-enabledlaundrymachinesandfridgesthatcantellyouwhenyourgroceriesaregoingbad.

Thewashersanddryers,availablestartinginthespring,connecttoanysmartphonethroughadownloadableapplication.Thephonecanthenbeusedasaremotecontrol,sothemachinescanbeturnedonandoffwhiletheirownersisatworkoronthebus.

Samsungsaysit’snotjustsomethingnew—theappconnectionactuallyhassomepracticaluses.

“Ifyoustartedtodryclothesinthemorningandforgottotakethemout,youcangotoyourphoneandrestartyourdryerforthetimewhenehome,soyourclothesarerefreshedandreadytogo,”saidspokespersonAmySchmidt.

Thepanyalsosaysthatwithelectricityratevaryingdependingonthetimeofday,morecontroloverwhenthemachinesareusedcanhelpsavemoney.

Perhaps,butwhattheywillprobablyreallyacplishiswhatallgoodtechnologiesdo—enablelaziness.Ratherthangettinguptocheckonwhetherthelaundryisdone,userswillinsteadmonitoritontheirphoneswhilewatchingTV.

5.WhatcanbeinferredfromthemonresponseoftheattendeesattheCES?

A.Themachinewillbeabigsuccess.

B.theirwiveslikedoingthelaundry.

C.Themachineisunrelatedtotheirlife.

D.Thiskindoftechnologyisfamiliartothem.

6.Whatcanwelearnaboutthenewlaundrymachines?

A.Theycantellyouwhenyourclothesneedwashing

B.Theycanbecontrolledwithasmartphone

C.Theyaredifficulttooperate

D.Theyaresoldatalowprice

7.WecanconcludeformSamsung’sstatementsthat___________.

A.theappconnectionmakeslifeeasier

B.itisbettertodryclothesinthemorning

C.smartphonecanshortenthedryingtime

D.weshouldrefreshclothesbackathome

8.Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?

A.Thelaundryshouldbefrequentlychecked

B.Lazypeoplelikeusingsuchmachines

C.Goodtechnologiesalsocauseproblems

D.Televisionmayhelpdothelaundry.

II.Practice

Imaginethatyourparentshaveboughtyouthemostadvancedrobot.Helookslikearealperson.Hetalkstoyouandplayswithyou.Hecaneventhinkforhimselfandfigureoutwhatyouneed.

Itmayfeelasifyouhaveaconsideratenewbrotherwhokeepsyoupanyallthetime.Butetothinkofit,canyoureallytrusthim?

Eversincethefirstrobotwascreateddecadesago,scientistshaveobsessedoverthetaskofmakingrobotsmorelikehumans.However,astheyhavegottenclosertothatgoal,doubtshavegrown.AccordingtotheBBC,JapaneserobotdesignerMasahiroMoriarguesthatthemorelifelikerobotsbee,themorehumansfeelaconnectiontothem.Butoncetheybeetoosimilartohumans,peoplebegintofeelunfortable.

ThistheoryiswhatledtothecreationofabrandnewrobotinSwitzerlandearlierthismonth.Roboy,asthenewmachineiscalled,hasvarioushuman-likeabilitiessuchashand-shakingandbicycle-riding,butinsteadofaskin-likecovering,Roboyiswrappedinshinywhitearmor（盔甲）thatclearlyindicatesitsrobotstatus.

“Aslongaspeoplecanclearlyseethattherobotisamachine,eveniftheyprojecttheirfeelingsintoit,thentheyfeelfortable,”RolfPfeifer,thecreatorofRoboyfromtheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,toldtheBBC.

Buttheproblemthatpeoplehavewithrobotsisnotjustwiththewaytheylook.Italsohastodowiththerolesthattheyplayinourlives.

AsurveylastyearofEuropeanUnioncountriesshowedthat88percentofthoseinterviewedagreedthatrobotsare“necessaryastheycandojobsthataretoohardordangerousforpeople”,suchasspaceexplorationandwarfighting.Butwhenitestotakingcareofchildren,60percentofrespondentssaidthatrobotsshouldnotbeallowedtoparticipate,becauseasrobotsbeemoresophisticated（精良的）,parentsmaybetemptedto（倾向于）handovertoomuchresponsibilitytothem.

Nomatterwhat,robotswillsoonenterourhomes,Pfeifersaid.Whatisnotyetcleariswhethertheywillactmorelikeservantswhoworkforusorpanionswholivewithus.

1.Whatisthepurposeofthetext?

A.Tointroducethenewly-inventedrobot,Roboy.

B.Todiscussproblemsrelatedtodesigningrobots.

C.Toexploretherolesrobotswillplayinourfuturelives.

D.Toarguewhatkindsofrobotsappealtopeoplemore.

2.WhydidPfeifermakeRoboylooklikearobot?

A.Tobetterprotectit.B.Tomakeitlookcoolandmodern.

C.Todistinguishitclearlyfromahuman.D.Tokeepitspricedown.

3.Accordingtothesecond-to-lastparagraph,mostofthepeopleinterviewed______.

A.welerobotsintotheirhomesB.believerobotsareusefulforcertaindangeroustasks

C.thinkfamilieswithchildrenshouldn’tuserobotsforhousework

D.areafraidthatchildrenwillbeelessresponsibleifrobotstakecareofthem

4.Whichbestdescribestheauthor’stoneinthearticle?

A.Objective.B.Critical.C.Admiring.D.Anxious.

（B）Towardastormyfuture

Eightyearsagoinxx,thesoutheastUSwashitbyoneofthedeadliesthurricanesinAmericanhistory,Katrina,inwhichatleast1,833peoplewerekilled.Lastyear,thecountryonceagainexperiencedamonstrousstorm,Sandy,whichbroughtdamagingwinds,flooding,blackoutsandheavysnowandclaimedmorethan140lives.

Forcoastalcities,hurricanesarefrequentvisitorsduringsummertime.However,recentyearshaveseenmoredestructivehurricanesintheUSandaroundtheworld.Andthebadnewsisthattheyarenotgoingtoslowdownanytimesoon–scientistssaystormyweatherwillhappenmoreofteninthefuture.Thecauseisthesameasthatofmanyotherworldproblems–globalwarming.

“Wefindthat0.4degreesCelsiuswarmingoftheclimatecorrespondstoadoublingofthefrequencyofextremestorms,”climatescientistAslakGrinstedfromtheUniversityofCopenhagen,Denmark,toldScienceDaily.Itmeansthatiftheglobalclimatebees2degreeswarmer,therewillbeabout10timesasmanyextremestormsurges,whichistosay“therewillbeaKatrinamagnitude（严重性）stormsurgeeveryotheryear”,accordingtoGrinsted.

Stormsarepower