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专业英语教学

一、NameandSymbolsofElements 元素的英文名及符号

At.No.

Name

汉语名

At.No.

Name

汉语名

At.No.

Name

汉语名

Hydrogen

氢

Rubidium

铷

Tantalum

钽

Helium

氦

Strontium

锶

Tungsten

钨

Lithium

锂

Yttrium

钇

Rhenium

铼

Beryllium

铍

Zirconium

锆

Osmium

锇

Boron

硼

Niobium

铌

Iridium

铱

Carbon

碳

Molybdenum

钼

Platinum

铂

Nitrogen

氮

Technetium

碲

Gold

金

Oxygen

氧

Ruthenium

钌

Mercury

汞

Fluorin

氟

Rhodium

铑

Thallium

铊

Neon

氖

Palladium

钯

Lead

铅

Sodium

钠

Silver

银

Bismuth

铋

Magnesium

镁

Cadmium

镉

Polonium

钋

Aluminium

铝

Indium

铟

Astatine

砹

Silicon

硅

Tin

锡

Radon

氡

Phosphorus

磷

Antimony

锑

Francium

钫

Sulfur

硫

Tellurium

锝

Radium

镭

Chlorine

氯

Iodine

碘

Actinium

锕

Argon

氩

Xenon

氙

Thorium

钍

Potassium

钾

Cesium

铯

Protactinium

镤

Calcium

钙

Barium

钡

Uranium

铀

Scandium

钪

Lanthanum

镧

Neptunium

镎

Titanium

钛

Cerium

铈

Plutonium

钚

Vanadium

钒

Praseodymium

镨

Americium

镅

Chromium

铬

Neodymium

钕

Curium

锔

Manganese

锰

Promethium

钷

Berkelium

锫

Iron

铁

Samarium

钐

Californium

锎

Cobalt

钴

Europium

铕

Einsteinium

锿

Nickel

镍

Gadolinium

钆

100

Fermium

镄

Copper

铜

Terbium

铽

101

Mendelevium

钔

Zinc

锌

Dysprosium

镝

102

Nobelium

锘

Gallium

镓

Holmium

钬

103

Lawrencium

铹

Germanium

锗

Erbium

铒

104

Rutherfordium

Arsenic

砷

Thulium

铥

105

Dubnium

Selenium

硒

Ytterbium

镱

106

Seaborgium

Bromine

溴

Lutetium

镥

107

Bohrium

Krypton

氪

Hafnium

铪

108

Hassium

109

Meitnerium

二、IUPACnomenclatureofinorganicchemistry无机物的命名

TheIUPACnomenclatureofinorganicchemistryisasystematicmethodofnaminginorganicchemicalcompoundsasrecommendedbytheInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry（IUPAC）.Ideally,everyinorganiccompoundshouldhaveanamefromwhichanunambiguous（意思清楚的；明确的；毫不含糊的；无歧义的）formulacanbedetermined.ThereisalsoanIUPACnomenclatureoforganicchemistry.

Thenames"caffeine"and"3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione"bothsignifythesamechemical.Thesystematicnameencodesthestructureandcompositionofthecaffeinemoleculeinsomedetail,andprovidesanunambiguousreferencetothiscompound,whereasthename"caffeine"justnamesit.Theseadvantagesmakethesystematicnamefarsuperiortothecommonnamewhenabsoluteclarityandprecisionarerequired.However,forthesakeofbrevity,evenprofessionalchemistswillusethenon-systematicnamealmostallofthetime,becausecaffeineisawell-knowncommonchemicalwithauniquestructure.Similarly,H2OismostoftensimplycalledwaterinEnglish,thoughotherchemicalnamesdoexist.

1.Singleatomanionsarenamedwithan-idesuffix:

forexample,H−ishydride.

2.Compoundswithapositiveion（cation）,thenameofthecompoundissimplythecation'sname（usuallythesameastheelement's）,followedbytheanion.Forexample,NaClissodiumchloride,andCaF2iscalciumfluoride.

3.CationsabletotakeonmorethanonepositivechargearelabeledwithRomannumeralsinparentheses.Forexample,Cu+iscopper（I）,Cu2+iscopper（II）.Anolder,deprecatednotation（推荐使用符号）istoappend-ousor-ictotherootoftheLatinnametonameionswithalesserorgreatercharge.Underthisnamingconvention,Cu+iscuprousandCu2+iscupric.Fornamingmetalcomplexesseethepageoncomplex（chemistry）.

4.Oxyanions（polyatomicanionscontainingoxygen，含氧阴离子）arenamedwith-iteor-ate,foralesserorgreaterquantityofoxygen.Forexample,NO2−isnitrite,whileNO3−isnitrate.Iffouroxyanionsarepossible,theprefixeshypo-andper-areused:

hypochloriteisClO−,perchlorateisClO4−,

5.Theprefixbi-isadeprecated（推荐使用）wayofindicatingthepresenceofasinglehydrogenion,asin"sodiumbicarbonate"（NaHCO3）.Themodernmethodspecificallynamesthehydrogenatom.Thus,NaHCO3wouldbepronounced"sodiumhydrogencarbonate".

Positivelychargedionsarecalledcationsandnegativelychargedionsarecalledanions.Thecationisalwaysnamedfirst.Ionscanbemetalsorpolyatomicions.Thereforethenameofthemetalorpositivepolyatomicionisfollowedbythenameofthenon-metalornegativepolyatomicion.Thepositiveionretainsitselementnamewhereasforasinglenon-metalaniontheendingischangedto-ide.

Example:

sodiumchloride,potassiumoxide,orcalciumcarbonate.

Whenthemetalhasmorethanonepossibleionicchargeoroxidationnumberthenamebecomesambiguous.InthesecasestheoxidationnumberofthemetalionisrepresentedbyaRomannumeralinparenthesesimmediatelyfollowingthemetalionname.Forexampleinuranium（VI）fluoridetheoxidationnumberofuraniumis6.Anotherexampleistheironoxides.FeOisiron（II）oxideandFe2O3isiron（III）oxide.

Anoldersystemusedprefixesandsuffixestoindicatetheoxidationnumber,accordingtothefollowingscheme:

Oxidationstate

Cationsandacids

Anions

Lowest

hypo--ous

hypo--ite

-ous

-ite

-ic

-ate

Highest

per--ic

per--ate

Thusthefouroxyacidsofchlorinearecalledhypochlorousacid（HOCl）,chlorousacid（HOClO，亚氯酸）,chloricacid（HOClO2）andperchloricacid（HOClO3）,andtheirrespectiveconjugatebasesarethehypochlorite,chlorite,chlorateandperchlorateions.Thissystemhaspartiallyfallenoutofuse,butsurvivesinthecommonnamesofmanychemicalcompounds:

themodernliteraturecontainsfewreferencesto"ferricchloride"（insteadcallingit"iron（III）chloride"）,butnameslike"potassiumpermanganate"（insteadof"potassiummanganate（VII）"）and"sulfuricacid"abound.

Contents

∙1Traditionalnaming

o1.1Namingsimpleioniccompounds

▪1.1.1Listofcommonionnames

o1.2Naminghydrates

o1.3Namingmolecularcompounds

o1.4Namingacids

∙22005revisionofIUPAC'snomenclatureforinorganiccompounds

∙3Seealso

∙4References

∙5Externallinks

Traditionalnaming

Namingsimpleioniccompounds

Anioniccompoundisnamedbyitscationfollowedbyitsanion.Seepolyatomicionsforalistofpossibleions.

Forcationsthattakeonmultiplecharges,thechargeiswrittenusingRomannumeralsinparenthesesimmediatelyfollowingtheelementname）Forexample,Cu（NO3）2iscopper（II）nitrate,becausethechargeoftwonitrateions（NO3-1）is2×−1=−2,andsincethenetchargeoftheioniccompoundmustbezero,theCuionhasa2+charge.Thiscompoundisthereforecopper（II）nitrate.Inthecaseofcationswitha4+oxidationstate,theacceptableformatfortheRomannumeral4isIVandnotIIII.

TheRomannumeralsinfactshowtheoxidationnumber,butinsimpleioniccompounds（i.e.,notmetalcomplexes）thiswillalwaysequaltheionicchargeonthemetal.Forasimpleoverviewsee[1],formoredetailsseeselectedpagesfromIUPACrulesfornaminginorganiccompounds.

Listofcommonionnames

Monatomicanions:

Cl−chloride

S2−sulfide

P3−phosphide

Polyatomicions:

NH4+ammonium

H3O+hydr-oxonium

NO3−nitrate

NO2−nitrite

ClO−hypochlorite

ClO2−chlorite

ClO3−chlorate

ClO4−perchlorate

SO32−sulfite

SO42−sulfate

HSO3−hydrogensulfite（orbisulfite）

HCO3−hydrogencarbonate（orbicarbonate）

CO32−carbonate

PO43−phosphate

HPO42−hydrogenphosphate

H2PO4−dihydrogenphosphate

CrO42−chromate

Cr2O72−dichromate

BO33−borate

AsO43−arsenate

C2O42−oxalate

CN−cyanide

SCN−thiocyanate

MnO4−permanganate

Naminghydrates（水合物）

Hydratesareioniccompoundsthathaveabsorbedwater.Theyarenamedastheioniccompoundfollowedbyanumericalprefixand-hydrate.Thenumericalprefixesusedarelistedbelow:

1.mono-

2.di-

3.tri-

4.tetra-

5.penta-

6.hexa-

7.hepta-

8.octa-

9.nona-

10.deca-

Forexample,CuSO4·5H2Ois"copper（II）sulfatepentahydrate".

Namingmolecularcompounds

Inorganicmolecularcompoundsarenamedwithaprefix（seelistabove）beforeeachelement.Themoreelectronegativeelementiswrittenlastandwithan-idesuffix.Forexample,CO2iscarbondioxide.AlthoughCCl4issometimescalledcarbontetrachlorideunderthisrule,itisnotaninorganicmoleculeandismoreproperlycalledtetrachloromethane.Therearesomeexceptionstotherule,however.Theprefixmono-isnotusedwiththefirstelement;forexample,CO2iscarbondioxide,not"monocarbondioxide".Sometimesprefixesareshortenedwhentheendingvowel（元音）oftheprefix"conflicts"withastartingvowelinthecompound.Thismakesthecompoundeasiertospeak;forexample,COis"carbonmonoxide"（asopposedto"monooxide"）.

Namingacids

Acidsarenamedbytheaniontheyformwhendissolvedinwater.Ifanacidformsananionnamed___ide,itisnamedhydro___icacid.Forexample,hydrochloricacidformsachlorideanion.Withsulfur,however,thewholewordiskeptinsteadoftheroot:

i.e.:

hydrosulfuricacid.Secondly,anionswithan-atesuffixareformedwhenacidswithan-icsuffixaredissolved,e.g.chloricacid（HClO3）dissociatesintochlorateanionstoformsaltssuchassodiumchlorate（NaClO3）;anionswithan-itesuffixareformedwhenacidswithan-oussuffixaredissolvedinwater,e.g.chlorousacid（HClO2）disassociatesintochloriteanionstoformsaltssuchassodiumchlorite（NaClO2）.

三、LabApparatusName实验室基本仪器名称

大口杯/烧杯beaker

玻璃烧杯glassbeaker

聚四氟乙烯烧杯PTFEgriffinbeaker

塑料烧杯plasticbeaker

不锈钢杯stainless-steelbeaker

玻璃瓶flask

三角瓶co

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