专业英语教学.docx

1、专业英语教学一、Name and Symbols of Elements 元素的英文名及符号At.No.Name汉语名At.No.Name汉语名At.No.Name汉语名1Hydrogen氢37Rubidium铷73Tantalum钽2Helium氦38Strontium锶74Tungsten钨3Lithium锂39Yttrium钇75Rhenium铼4Beryllium铍40Zirconium锆76Osmium锇5Boron硼41Niobium铌77Iridium铱6Carbon碳42Molybdenum钼78Platinum铂7Nitrogen氮43Technetium碲79Gold金8O

2、xygen氧44Ruthenium钌80Mercury汞9Fluorin氟45Rhodium铑81Thallium铊10Neon氖46Palladium钯82Lead铅11Sodium钠47Silver银83Bismuth铋12Magnesium镁48Cadmium镉84Polonium钋13Aluminium铝49Indium铟85Astatine砹14Silicon硅50Tin锡86Radon氡15Phosphorus磷51Antimony锑87Francium钫16Sulfur硫52Tellurium锝88Radium镭17Chlorine氯53Iodine碘89Actinium锕18A

3、rgon氩54Xenon氙90Thorium钍19Potassium钾55Cesium铯91Protactinium镤20Calcium钙56Barium钡92Uranium铀21Scandium钪57Lanthanum镧93Neptunium镎22Titanium钛58Cerium铈94Plutonium钚23Vanadium钒59Praseodymium镨95Americium镅24Chromium铬60Neodymium钕96Curium锔25Manganese锰61Promethium钷97Berkelium锫26Iron铁62Samarium钐98Californium锎27Coba

4、lt钴63Europium铕99Einsteinium锿28Nickel镍64Gadolinium钆100Fermium镄29Copper铜65Terbium铽101Mendelevium钔30Zinc锌66Dysprosium镝102Nobelium锘31Gallium镓67Holmium钬103Lawrencium铹32Germanium锗68Erbium铒104Rutherfordium33Arsenic砷69Thulium铥105Dubnium34Selenium硒70Ytterbium镱106Seaborgium35Bromine溴71Lutetium镥107Bohrium36Kry

5、pton氪72Hafnium铪108Hassium109Meitnerium二、IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry无机物的命名The IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is a systematic method of naming inorganic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Ideally, every inorganic

6、 compound should have a name from which an unambiguous(意思清楚的；明确的；毫不含糊的；无歧义的) formula can be determined. There is also an IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry.The names caffeine and 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione both signify the same chemical. The systematic name encodes the stru

7、cture and composition of the caffeine molecule in some detail, and provides an unambiguous reference to this compound, whereas the name caffeine just names it. These advantages make the systematic name far superior to the common name when absolute clarity and precision are required. However, for the

8、 sake of brevity, even professional chemists will use the non-systematic name almost all of the time, because caffeine is a well-known common chemical with a unique structure. Similarly, H2O is most often simply called water in English, though other chemical names do exist.1. Single atom anions are

9、named with an -ide suffix: for example, H is hydride. 2. Compounds with a positive ion (cation), the name of the compound is simply the cations name (usually the same as the elements), followed by the anion. For example, NaCl is sodium chloride, and CaF2 is calcium fluoride. 3. Cations able to take

10、on more than one positive charge are labeled with Roman numerals in parentheses. For example, Cu+ is copper(I), Cu2+ is copper(II). An older, deprecated notation(推荐使用符号) is to append -ous or -ic to the root of the Latin name to name ions with a lesser or greater charge. Under this naming convention,

11、 Cu+ is cuprous and Cu2+ is cupric. For naming metal complexes see the page on complex (chemistry). 4. Oxyanions (polyatomic anions containing oxygen，含氧阴离子) are named with -ite or -ate, for a lesser or greater quantity of oxygen. For example, NO2 is nitrite, while NO3 is nitrate. If four oxyanions a

12、re possible, the prefixes hypo- and per- are used: hypochlorite is ClO, perchlorate is ClO4, 5. The prefix bi- is a deprecated (推荐使用)way of indicating the presence of a single hydrogen ion, as in sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). The modern method specifically names the hydrogen atom. Thus, NaHCO3 would

13、be pronounced sodium hydrogen carbonate. Positively charged ions are called cations and negatively charged ions are called anions. The cation is always named first. Ions can be metals or polyatomic ions. Therefore the name of the metal or positive polyatomic ion is followed by the name of the non-me

14、tal or negative polyatomic ion. The positive ion retains its element name whereas for a single non-metal anion the ending is changed to -ide.Example: sodium chloride, potassium oxide, or calcium carbonate.When the metal has more than one possible ionic charge or oxidation number the name becomes amb

15、iguous. In these cases the oxidation number of the metal ion is represented by a Roman numeral in parentheses immediately following the metal ion name. For example in uranium(VI) fluoride the oxidation number of uranium is 6. Another example is the iron oxides. FeO is iron(II) oxide and Fe2O3 is iro

16、n(III) oxide.An older system used prefixes and suffixes to indicate the oxidation number, according to the following scheme:Oxidation stateCations and acidsAnionsLowesthypo- -oushypo- -ite-ous-ite-ic-ateHighestper- -icper- -ateThus the four oxyacids of chlorine are called hypochlorous acid (HOCl), c

17、hlorous acid (HOClO，亚氯酸), chloric acid (HOClO2) and perchloric acid (HOClO3), and their respective conjugate bases are the hypochlorite, chlorite, chlorate and perchlorate ions. This system has partially fallen out of use, but survives in the common names of many chemical compounds: the modern liter

18、ature contains few references to ferric chloride (instead calling it iron(III) chloride), but names like potassium permanganate (instead of potassium manganate(VII) and sulfuric acid abound.Contents 1 Traditional naming o 1.1 Naming simple ionic compounds 1.1.1 List of common ion names o 1.2 Naming

19、hydrates o 1.3 Naming molecular compounds o 1.4 Naming acids 2 2005 revision of IUPACs nomenclature for inorganic compounds 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Traditional namingNaming simple ionic compoundsAn ionic compound is named by its cation followed by its anion. See polyatomic ions for

20、a list of possible ions.For cations that take on multiple charges, the charge is written using Roman numerals in parentheses immediately following the element name) For example, Cu(NO3)2 is copper(II) nitrate, because the charge of two nitrate ions (NO3-1) is 2 1 = 2, and since the net charge of the

21、 ionic compound must be zero, the Cu ion has a 2+ charge. This compound is therefore copper(II) nitrate. In the case of cations with a 4+ oxidation state, the acceptable format for the Roman numeral 4 is IV and not IIII.The Roman numerals in fact show the oxidation number, but in simple ionic compou

22、nds (i.e., not metal complexes) this will always equal the ionic charge on the metal. For a simple overview see 1, for more details see selected pages from IUPAC rules for naming inorganic compounds.List of common ion namesMonatomic anions:Cl chloride S2 sulfide P3 phosphide Polyatomic ions:NH4+ amm

23、onium H3O+ hydr-oxonium NO3 nitrate NO2 nitrite ClO hypochlorite ClO2 chlorite ClO3 chlorate ClO4 perchlorate SO32 sulfite SO42 sulfate HSO3 hydrogen sulfite (or bisulfite) HCO3 hydrogen carbonate (or bicarbonate) CO32 carbonate PO43 phosphate HPO42 hydrogen phosphate H2PO4 dihydrogen phosphate CrO4

24、2 chromate Cr2O72 dichromate BO33 borate AsO43 arsenate C2O42 oxalate CN cyanide SCN thiocyanate MnO4 permanganate Naming hydrates(水合物)Hydrates are ionic compounds that have absorbed water. They are named as the ionic compound followed by a numerical prefix and -hydrate. The numerical prefixes used

25、are listed below:1. mono- 2. di- 3. tri- 4. tetra- 5. penta- 6. hexa- 7. hepta- 8. octa- 9. nona- 10. deca- For example, CuSO4 5H2O is copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate.Naming molecular compoundsInorganic molecular compounds are named with a prefix (see list above) before each element. The more electr

26、onegative element is written last and with an -ide suffix. For example, CO2 is carbon dioxide. Although CCl4 is sometimes called carbon tetrachloride under this rule, it is not an inorganic molecule and is more properly called tetrachloromethane. There are some exceptions to the rule, however. The p

27、refix mono- is not used with the first element; for example, CO2 is carbon dioxide, not monocarbon dioxide. Sometimes prefixes are shortened when the ending vowel(元音) of the prefix conflicts with a starting vowel in the compound. This makes the compound easier to speak; for example, CO is carbon mon

28、oxide (as opposed to monooxide).Naming acidsAcids are named by the anion they form when dissolved in water. If an acid forms an anion named _ide, it is named hydro_ic acid. For example, hydrochloric acid forms a chloride anion. With sulfur, however, the whole word is kept instead of the root: i.e.:

29、hydrosulfuric acid. Secondly, anions with an -ate suffix are formed when acids with an -ic suffix are dissolved, e.g. chloric acid (HClO3) dissociates into chlorate anions to form salts such as sodium chlorate (NaClO3); anions with an -ite suffix are formed when acids with an -ous suffix are dissolved in water, e.g. chlorous acid (HClO2) disassociates into chlorite anions to form salts such as sodium chlorite (NaClO2).三、Lab Apparatus Name 实验室基本仪器名称大口杯/烧杯 beaker玻璃烧杯 glass beaker聚四氟乙烯烧杯 PTFE griffin beaker塑料烧杯 plastic beaker不锈钢杯 stainless-steel beaker玻璃瓶 flask三角瓶 co