届许昌市高级中学高三英语一模试题及答案解析.docx

届许昌市高级中学高三英语一模试题及答案解析.docx

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届许昌市高级中学高三英语一模试题及答案解析

2021届许昌市高级中学高三英语一模试题及答案解析

第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）

第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项

A

TopFourMarathons

PortlandMarathon

Themarathonwelcomes8000peopleeveryfall.It’sagreateventforfirst-timersbecauseeveryoneischeeredonwithenthusiasmnomatterhowlongittakestocrossthefinishline.Thetimelimitforthefullmarathonisnowatapaceofminutespermile,or6hoursand33minutes,butinthepastithadanopentimelimit.Theypromiseyou’llstillreceiveyourmedalifyoufallbehindthepace,butyouhavetofinishusingthesidewalks.

TCSNewYorkCityMarathon

Astheworld’sbiggestmarathon,theTCSNewYorkCityMarathonattractsover50,000peopletotheBigAppleeachNovember.Thetimelimitisgenerouseightandahalfhours,butparticipantsmustmovetothesidewalkiftheydropbelow15-minutemile.Thefamouscoursesnakesthroughfiveboroughs（行政区）ofthecityandcrossesfivebridgestoendinCentralPark.

HonoluloMarathon

Themarathonattractsover30,000participantseachDecember.TheracestartsonAlaMoanaBoulevardindowntownHonoluluandsnakesitswayalongthebreathtakingHawaiiancoastlinetothefinishlineinKapiolaniPark.Thestarttimeisat5:

00amwithfinishlineservicesofficiallyopenuntil2:

00pm.However,theorganizersalloweveryonetofinishandhavewaitersonhanduntil4:

00pm.

BostonMarathon

ThemarathonisheldinMayeveryyear.Forthiseventrunningisn’tallowedasthecitystreetsaren’tclosedoff.Participantsmustinsteadmaketheirwayalongsidewalksundertheguidanceofeventorganizersandcitypolice.Theeventattractsover8,000peoplewhocanchooseanythingfromthree-milewalktothefull26.2-mileBostonMarathonroute.

1.Whereisanewmarathonrunnermostlikelytoreceiveenthusiasticcheers?

A.InPortland.B.InNewYork.

C.InHonolulu.D.InBoston.

2.WhatcanweknowaboutTCSNewYorkCityMarathon?

A.Itisextremelypopular.B.Ithasanopentimelimit.

C.Itstartsandendsinapark.D.Itforbidsusingthesidewalk.

3.Whichmarathonisheldtheearliestinayear?

A.PortlandMarathon.B.TCSNewYorkCityMarathon.

C.BostonMarathon.D.HonoluluMarathon.

B

Simplybeingquietisagrowingappeal.Lotsofbusinesshaveappearedtomeetarisingdemandforquiettime,fromsilentweekendgetawaystosilentdining,silentreadingpartiesandevensilentdating.Silencecanmeandifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Weareusuallysilentonlywiththoseclosesttous.Sothereissomethingalmostradical（不同凡响的）abouttherecenttrendtowardsenjoyingsilencewithstrangers.

MarielstartedaregularsilentreadingpartyinDundeejustunderayearago.Readersbringtheirbooksandmeetinabar,wheretheyreadtogetherinsilenceforanhourorsometimestwoandthenputtheirbooksawaytochatandhaveadrink.“Whenthereadingpartystarts,everythinggoesquiet,”saysMariel,“It’salittlebitsurreal（超现实的）,especiallyinwhatisusuallyanoisybar.However,thereissomethingspecialaboutsharingthesilencewithothers.Itoffersachancetoescapefromreality;everyoneissobusywithworkandwithtechnologybeingeverpresent.Aneventlikethisgivespeopletheopportunitytoescapethesethingsforawhile.”

HoniRyanisanartistbasedinBerlinwhobeganhostingsilentdinnerbackin2006.Therulesofthedinnerare:

notalking,nousingyourvoice,noreadingorwriting,tryingtomakeaslittlenoiseaspossible,notconnectingwithtechnology,andstayingforatleasttwohours.SofarshehastakenhersilentdinnerprojecttoMexico,theUS,AustraliaandChina.“It’sevidentthattheage-oldconnectionswemakeoverfooddonotdependonthewordsaroundit.Silencecreatesthespaceforthepeopleandplacesinvolvedtofillwithwhateverisneeded;itisquitedifferentfromourusualsocialbehaviors.”

4.Whyhavelotsofsilentbusinessesappeared?

A.Tosatisfypeople’sdemandforsilence.

B.Tomakepeoplegetclosetoeachother.

C.Toappealtoyoungpeople.

D.Tochangepeople’soldwayoflife.

5.WhatcanwelearnaboutMariel’ssilentreadingparties?

A.Readerscanusetheirvoicewhilereading.

B.Readerscanbebusywiththeirwork.

C.Readerscanconnectwithtechnology.

D.Readerscanchatanddrinkafterreading.

6.Theunderlinedword“it”inthelastparagraphrefersto.

A.noiseB.spaceC.silenceD.food

7.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.EscapefromReality.B.EnjoyingBeingQuiet.

C.SilentReadingParties.D.SilentDiningProjects.

C

Anursehasfulfilled（实现）apromiseshemadetoherpatientfouryearsagotoonedayattendherdaughter'sgraduationfromnursingschool.

EdinaHabibovic,22,graduatedfromChamberlainUniversity'sCollegeofNursingin2020.Hermother,SevalaHabibovic,46,diedin2017afteratwoyearfightwithbreastcancer.

“Ithoughtthemedicalfieldwasn'tforme.Then,mymomgotsickandIhadalltheexperiencegoinginandoutofthehospital,”EdinatoldGoodMorningAmerica.“Whenmymompassedaway,Ithought,‘Iwanttodothis.’”shesaid.

SanjaJosipovic,whoatthetimeworkedasahomehealthnursewithNorthwesternMedicineinWinfield,Illinois,caredforSevalainsideherhome.Theyoftenchattedandsharedthelatestnewswitheachotheroversixmonthsofcare.

“ShewasmostworriedaboutEdinabecauseshewasyoungandhadn'tfinishedschoolyet,”Sanjasaid.“Wearelikesisters;wecareaboutandtrusteachother.Shewasapowerfulandstrongmindedwoman.Shewasn'tscaredtodie;shewasjustworriedaboutherkidsandhusband.”

Edinasaidhermotherlivedforbeingwithherfamilyandtakingcareofpeople.“WhenSanjawasworking,mymomwouldstilltrytomakehersomethingtoeat,nomatterhowsickshewas,”Edinaadded.WhenSevala'slifewascomingtoanend,sheaskedSanjatotakeherplaceatheryoungestdaughter'snursingschoolgraduation.“Thatwastheonlythingshewasgoingtomiss.Edina'sgraduation,”saidSanja,whoisamotherofthreeherself.Sheagreed.

DuetoCOVID-19,therewasnograduationorpinningceremony.Edina'smanageratMarianjoyRehabilitationHospitaldecidedtohostapinningceremonyforherandhaveSanjapresentthepin.“Sanjahasfulfilledherpromise,”Edinasaid.

EdinaandSanjaarenowcaringforpatientsalongsideoneanotherascolleaguesatMarianjoy.

8.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this”inparagraph3referto?

A.LeavingthehospitalB.Workingasanurse

C.FacingdeathpositivelyD.CaringforEdina'smother

9.WhatcanbelearnedaboutSanjaandSevala?

A.TheyenjoyedvolunteeringB.Theywerecancersurvivors

C.TheyhadunhappymarriagesD.Theydevelopedaclosebond

10.WhatwouldbeSevala'sregret?

A.Thelossofthechancetostudymedicine

B.HerabsencefromEdina'sschoolgraduation

C.FailingtokeepthepromisemadetoSanja

D.Nevercookingagoodmealforherhusband

11.HowdidSanjafulfillherpromise?

A.BytakingcareofEdinaandherfamily

B.ByhelpingEdinaenterherdreamhospital

C.ByattendingaspecialceremonyforEdina

D.BymanagingtobecomeEdina'scolleague

D

Whyisn’tsciencebetter?

Lookatcareerincentive（激励）.Thereareoftensubstantialgapsbetweentheidealizedandactualversionsofthosepeoplewhoseworkinvolvesprovidingasocialgood.Governmentofficialsaresupposedtoworkfortheirconstituents.Journalistsaresupposedtoprovideunbiasedreportingandpenetratinganalysis.Andscientistsaresupposedtorelentlesslyprobethefabricofrealitywiththemostrigorousandskepticalofmethods.

Alltoooften,however,whatshouldbejustisn’tso.Inanumberofscientificfields,publishedfindingsturnoutnottoreplicate（复制）,ortohavesmallereffectsthan,whatwasinitiallyclaimed.Plentyofsciencedoesreplicate—meaningtheexperimentsturnoutthesamewaywhenyourepeatthem-buttheamountthatdoesn’tistoomuchforcomfort.

Buttherearealsowaysinwhichscientistsincreasetheirchancesofgettingitwrong.Runningstudieswithsmallsamples,miningdataforcorrelationsandforminghypothesestofitanexperiment’sresultsafterthefactarejustsomeofthewaystoincreasethenumberoffalsediscoveries.

It’snotlikewedon'tknowhowtodobetter.Scientistswhostudyscientificmethodshaveknownaboutfeasibleremediesfordecades.Unfortunately,theiradviceoftenfallsondeafears.Why?

Whyaren'tscientificmethodsbetterthantheyare?

Inaword:

incentives.Butperhapsnotinthewayyouthink.

Inthe1970s,psychologistsandeconomistsbegantopointoutthedangerinrelyingonquantitativemeasuresforsocialdecision-making.Forexample,whenpublicschoolsareevaluatedbystudents’performanceonstandardizedtests,teachersrespondbyteaching“tothetest”.Inturn,thetestserveslargelyasofhowwelltheschoolcanpreparestudentsforthetest.

Wecanseethisprinciple—oftensummarizedas“whenameasurebecomesatarget,itceasestobeagoodmeasure”—playingoutintherealmofresearch.Scienceisacompetitiveenterprise.Therearefarmorecredentialed（授以证书的）scholarsandresearchersthanthereareuniversityprofessorshipsorcomparablyprestigiousresearchpositions.Oncesomeoneacquiresaresearchposition,thereisadditionalcompetitionfortenuregrantfunding,andsupportandplacementforgraduatestudents.Duetothiscompetitionforresources,scientistsmustbeevaluatedandcompared.Howdoyoutellifsomeoneisagoodscientist?

Anoft-usedmetricisthenumberofpublicationsonehasinpeer-reviewedjournals,aswellasthestatusofthosejournals.Metricslikethesemakeitstraightforwardtocompareresearcherswhoseworkmayotherwisebequitedifferent.Unfortunately,thisalsomakesthesenumberssusceptib