TED英语演讲稿我们为什么要睡觉.docx

TED英语演讲稿我们为什么要睡觉.docx

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TED英语演讲稿我们为什么要睡觉

TED英语演讲稿：

我们为什么要睡觉

本文是关于TED英语演讲稿：

我们为什么要睡觉，仅供参考，希望对您有所帮助，感谢阅读。

　　简介：

一生中，我们有三分之一的时间都在睡眠中度过。

关于睡眠，你又了解多少?

睡眠专家RussellFoster为我们解答为什么要睡觉，以及睡眠对健康的影响。

　　WhatI'dliketodotodayistalkaboutoneofmyfavoritesubjects,andthatistheneuroscienceofsleep.

　　Now,thereisasound--（Alarmclock）--aah,itworked--asoundthatisdesperately,desperatelyfamiliartomostofus,andofcourseit'sthesoundofthealarmclock.Andwhatthattrulyghastly,awfulsounddoesisstopthesinglemostimportantbehavioralexperiencethatwehave,andthat'ssleep.Ifyou'reanaveragesortofperson,36percentofyourlifewillbespentasleep,whichmeansthatifyouliveto90,then32yearswillhavebeenspententirelyasleep.

　　Nowwhatthat32yearsistellingusisthatsleepatsomelevelisimportant.Andyet,formostofus,wedon'tgivesleepasecondthought.Wethrowitaway.Wereallyjustdon'tthinkaboutsleep.AndsowhatI'dliketodotodayischangeyourviews,changeyourideasandyourthoughtsaboutsleep.AndthejourneythatIwanttotakeyouon,weneedtostartbygoingbackintime.

　　"Enjoythehoney-heavydewofslumber."Anyideaswhosaidthat?

Shakespeare'sJuliusCaesar.Yes,letmegiveyouafewmorequotes."Osleep,Ogentlesleep,nature'ssoftnurse,howhaveIfrightedthee?

"Shakespeareagain,from--Iwon'tsayit--theScottishplay.[Correction:

HenryIV,part2]（Laughter）Fromthesametime:

"Sleepisthegoldenchainthattieshealthandourbodiestogether."Extremelyprophetic,byThomasDekker,anotherElizabethandramatist.

　　Butifwejumpforward400years,thetoneaboutsleepchangessomewhat.ThisisfromThomasEdison,fromthebeginningofthe20thcentury."Sleepisacriminalwasteoftimeandaheritagefromourcavedays."Bang.（Laughter）Andifwealsojumpintothe1980s,someofyoumayrememberthatMargaretThatcherwasreportedtohavesaid,"Sleepisforwimps."Andofcoursetheinfamous--whatwashisname?

--theinfamousGordonGekkofrom"WallStreet"said,"Moneyneversleeps."

　　Whatdowedointhe20thcenturyaboutsleep?

Well,ofcourse,weuseThomasEdison'slightbulbtoinvadethenight,andweoccupiedthedark,andintheprocessofthisoccupation,we'vetreatedsleepasanillness,almost.We'vetreateditasanenemy.Atmostnow,Isuppose,wetoleratetheneedforsleep,andatworstperhapsmanyofusthinkofsleepasanillnessthatneedssomesortofacure.Andourignoranceaboutsleepisreallyquiteprofound.

　　Whyisit?

Whydoweabandonsleepinourthoughts?

Well,it'sbecauseyoudon'tdoanythingmuchwhileyou'reasleep,itseems.Youdon'teat.Youdon'tdrink.Andyoudon'thavesex.Well,mostofusanyway.Andsothereforeit's--Sorry.It'sacompletewasteoftime,right?

Wrong.Actually,sleepisanincrediblyimportantpartofourbiology,andneuroscientistsarebeginningtoexplainwhyit'ssoveryimportant.Solet'smovetothebrain.

　　Now,herewehaveabrain.Thisisdonatedbyasocialscientist,andtheysaidtheydidn'tknowwhatitwas,orindeedhowtouseit,so--（Laughter）Sorry.SoIborrowedit.Idon'tthinktheynoticed.Okay.（Laughter）

　　ThepointI'mtryingtomakeisthatwhenyou'reasleep,thisthingdoesn'tshutdown.Infact,someareasofthebrainareactuallymoreactiveduringthesleepstatethanduringthewakestate.Theotherthingthat'sreallyimportantaboutsleepisthatitdoesn'tarisefromasinglestructurewithinthebrain,butistosomeextentanetworkproperty,andifweflipthebrainonitsback--Ilovethislittlebitofspinalcordhere--thisbithereisthehypothalamus,andrightunderthereisawholeraftofinterestingstructures,notleastthebiologicalclock.Thebiologicalclocktellsuswhenit'sgoodtobeup,whenit'sgoodtobeasleep,andwhatthatstructuredoesisinteractwithawholeraftofotherareaswithinthehypothalamus,thelateralhypothalamus,theventrolateralpreopticnuclei.Allofthosecombine,andtheysendprojectionsdowntothebrainstemhere.Thebrainstemthenprojectsforwardandbathesthecortex,thiswonderfullywrinklybitoverhere,withneurotransmittersthatkeepusawakeandessentiallyprovideuswithourconsciousness.Sosleeparisesfromawholeraftofdifferentinteractionswithinthebrain,andessentially,sleepisturnedonandoffasaresultofarangeof

　　Okay.Sowherehavewegotto?

We'vesaidthatsleepiscomplicatedandittakes32yearsofourlife.ButwhatIhaven'texplainediswhatsleepisabout.Sowhydowesleep?

Anditwon'tsurpriseanyofyouthat,ofcourse,thescientists,wedon'thaveaconsensus.Therearedozensofdifferentideasaboutwhywesleep,andI'mgoingtooutlinethreeofthose.

　　Thefirstissortoftherestorationidea,andit'ssomewhatintuitive.Essentially,allthestuffwe'veburnedupduringtheday,werestore,wereplace,werebuildduringthenight.Andindeed,asanexplanation,itgoesbacktoAristotle,sothat's,what,2,300yearsago.It'sgoneinandoutoffashion.It'sfashionableatthemomentbecausewhat'sbeenshownisthatwithinthebrain,awholeraftofgeneshavebeenshowntobeturnedononlyduringsleep,andthosegenesareassociatedwithrestorationandmetabolicpathways.Sothere'sgoodevidenceforthewholerestorationhypothesis.

　　Whataboutenergyconservation?

Again,perhapsintuitive.Youessentiallysleeptosavecalories.Now,whenyoudothesums,though,itdoesn'treallypanout.Ifyoucompareanindividualwhohassleptatnight,orstayedawakeandhasn'tmovedverymuch,theenergysavingofsleepingisabout110caloriesanight.Now,that'stheequivalentofahotdogbun.Now,Iwouldsaythatahotdogbuniskindofameagerreturnforsuchacomplicatedanddemandingbehaviorassleep.SoI'mlessconvincedbytheenergyconservationidea.

　　ButthethirdideaI'mquiteattractedto,whichisbrainprocessingandmemoryconsolidation.Whatweknowisthat,ifafteryou'vetriedtolearnatask,andyousleep-depriveindividuals,theabilitytolearnthattaskissmashed.It'sreallyhugelyattenuated.Sosleepandmemoryconsolidationisalsoveryimportant.However,it'snotjustthelayingdownofmemoryandrecallingit.What'sturnedouttobereallyexcitingisthatourabilitytocomeupwithnovelsolutionstocomplexproblemsishugelyenhancedbyanightofsleep.Infact,it'sbeenestimatedtogiveusathreefoldadvantage.Sleepingatnightenhancesourcreativity.Andwhatseemstobegoingonisthat,inthebrain,thoseneuralconnectionsthatareimportant,thosesynapticconnectionsthatareimportant,arelinkedandstrengthened,whilethosethatarelessimportanttendtofadeawayandbelessimportant.

　　Okay.Sowe'vehadthreeexplanationsforwhywemightsleep,andIthinktheimportantthingtorealizeisthatthedetailswillvary,andit'sprobablewesleepformultipledifferentreasons.Butsleepisnotanindulgence.It'snotsomesortofthingthatwecantakeonboardrathercasually.Ithinkthatsleepwasoncelikenedtoanupgradefromeconomytobusinessclass,youknow,theequiavlentof.It'snotevenanupgradefromeconomytofirstclass.Thecriticalthingtorealizeisthatifyoudon'tsleep,youdon'tfly.Essentially,younevergetthere,andwhat'sextraordinaryaboutmuchofoursocietythesedaysisthatwearedesperatelysleep-deprived.

　　Solet'snowlookatsleepdeprivation.Hugesectorsofsocietyaresleep-deprived,andlet'slookatoursleep-o-meter.Sointhe1950s,gooddatasuggeststhatmostofusweregettingaroundabouteighthoursofsleepanight.Nowadays,wesleeponeandahalftotwohourslesseverynight,sowe'reinthesix-and-a-half-hours-every-nightleague.Forteenagers,it'sworse,muchworse.Theyneedninehoursforfullbrainperformance,andmanyofthem,onaschoolnight,areonlygettingfivehoursofsleep.It'ssimplynotenough.Ifwethinkaboutothersectorsofsociety,theaged,ifyouareaged,thenyourabilitytosleepinasingleblockissomewhatdisrupted,andmanysleep,again,lessthanfivehoursanight.Shiftwork.Shiftworkisextraordinary,perhaps20percentoftheworkingpopulation,andthebodyclockdoesnotshifttothedemandsofworkingatnight.It'slockedontothesamelight-darkcycleastherestofus.Sowhenthepooroldshiftworkerisgoinghometotryandsleepduringtheday,desperatelytired,thebodyclockissaying,"Wakeup.Thisisthetimetobeawake."Sothequalityofsleepthatyougetasanightshiftworkerisusuallyverypoor,againinthatsortoffive-hourregion.Andthen,ofcourse,tensofmillionsofpeoplesufferfromjetlag.Sowhoherehasjetlag?

Well,mygoodnessgracious.Well,thankyouverymuchindeedfornotfallingasleep,becausethat'swhatyourbrainiscraving.

　　Oneofthethingsthatthebraindoesisindulgeinmicro-sleeps,thisinvoluntaryfallingasleep,andyouhaveessentiallynocontroloverit.Now,micro-sleepscanbesortofsomewhatembarrassing,buttheycanalsobedeadly.It'sbeenestimatedthat31percentofdriverswillfallasleepatthewheelatleastonceintheirlife,andintheU.S.,thestatisticsareprettygood:

100,000accidentsonthefreewayhavebeenassociatedwithtiredness,lossofvigilance,andfallingasleep.Ahundredthousandayear.It'sextraordinary.Atanotherlevelofterror,wedipintothetragicaccidentsatChernobylandindeedthespaceshuttleChallenger,whichwassotragicallylost.Andintheinvestigationsthatfollowedthosedisasters,poorjudgmentasaresultofextendedshiftworkandlossofvigilanceandtirednesswasattributedtoabigchunkofthosedisasters.

　　Sowhenyou'retired,andyoulacksleep,youhavepoormemory,