环境管理膜技术和环境保护中的水处理英文翻译.docx

环境管理膜技术和环境保护中的水处理英文翻译.docx

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环境管理膜技术和环境保护中的水处理英文翻译

Membranetechnologyandwatertreatmentinenvironmentalprotection

RENJianxin1,ZHANGBaocheng2

（1.ChinaNationalBlueStarChemicalCleaningCo.,No.9WestRoad,BeituchengChaoyangDistrict,Beijing100029,China;

2.DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,PolytechnicofTurin,CorsoDucadegliAbruzzi24,Torino10129,Italy）

Abstract:

ThepaperpresentsageneralsummaryonthestateofthewaterresourceandmembraneindustryofChina.Nowthewaterpollutionisbecomingmoregrave,andthewaterresourceisshorterandshorterintheearth.Chinahas660cities,360citiesofthemareshortofwater.Thesituationin110citiesisserious,andthesituationin40citiesisdangerous.Itwaspredictedthatthewatercouldbeamaincauseoflocalconflictsandinternationalwars.ThewaterpollutioninChinaisalsoveryastonished.77%untreatedwastewaterisdischarged,and46.6%riverispolluted.Membraneisacleanproductiontechnology,whichcouldbeusedtoimprovethequalityofdrinkwater,treatthewastetoreducethepollutionandsavethewaterresource.Chinahasalotofresearchersandresearchinstituteonmembrane.ThepaperpresentssomedataofChinesemembraneresearchandmanufacture.

Keywords:

membrane;watertreatment;environmentprotection

CLCnumber:

TQ028.8Documentcode:

A

1Introduction

Waterisamainresourceforourhumanbeing,buttheproblemofwaterismoreseriousthanbefore.

Chinaisadevelopingcountrywhileitseconomygoesforwardrapidly.However,alongwiththedevelopmentofeconomy,theeco-environmentalproblemisbecomingworseandworse,suchasshortageofresources,ecologicaldamage,environmentalpollutionandetc.alltheseareboundtohavefatalimpactsontheimprovementofourlivingstandardandonthesubstantialdevelopmentofeconomy.NowthecentralgovernmentisfocusingonthedevelopmentoverthewesternpartofChina,inwhichtheeconomicdevelopmentandtheenvironmentalprotectionbearkeyimportance.

Membraneseparationtechnologyisanadvancedtechnologythathasbeendevelopingveryquicklyduringthepastseveraldecades.In1952,ReidintroducedtheideatodesalinatetheseawaterwithROforthefirsttime.In1960,LoebandSourirajinproducedthefirstROmembranewiththepotentialpracticalapplication,whichwasasymbolofthebirthofmembranescienceandtechnology.Chinahasa40–yearhistoryofresearchanddevelopmentofmembrane.Inthisperiod,RO,NF,UF,MF,electricdialysis,pervaporationmembrane,liquidmembrane,membranereactorweredeveloped,andhavebeenputintoapplicationinthefieldsofenergy,electronics,petroleum,petrochemical,pharmacy,heavyindustry,lightindustry,foodandbreweryindustry,people’sdailylifeandtheenvironmentalprotection.Especiallyinthewatertreatment,theapplicationofmembranetechnologyturnswiderandwider,andplaysanincreasinglyimportantrole.

2ThestateofwaterresourceandwaterpollutioninChina

Inrangeofenvironmentalproblems,waterproblemisextremelysevere.Thereareonethirdofpeopleontheearthfacingwithhowtosolvetheshortageofwaterandhowtotreatthewastewater.Thisnumberwillbedoubledinthenext30years.Itisforecastbysomeexpertsthatwater,ratherthanoil,isgoingtobethemaincauseofconflictsregionallyevenglobally.

Thereare660citiesinChina.Amongthem,morethan360areshortofwaterand110areinurgentsituation.Furthermore,40citiesareinthelistofthecitiesthatareextremelyshortofwater.Itisestimatedthatthewatershortagewillbe40billiontonsannually,andthatChinawilllack60billiontonswaterin2030.Duetothewatershortage,theproductoutputdecreasesby240billionRMByuanannually.

ThewaterqualityinChinawasdeterioratedoverthepastfewyears.Thepollutedriverlengthincreasedeveryyear.Accordingtothestatisticaldatain1999,46.5%ofriverswerepollutedin100000kmmonitoredrivers,butthewastewatertreatedratiowasonly23%.[1]

Waterpollutionhasbecometheobstacleofeconomicdevelopmentandsocialprogress.InSanxiareservoirofYangziRiver,thereare21countiesdischargingwastesintoYangziRiver.Theheightofthefloatabovewaterreaches2～4m,sometimes6.5m.IthasdirectlyaffectedtheworkofGeZhouBawaterpowerstation.ItcausesfrequentbreakdownofErjiangpowerstation.Theworstcasehappenedwasthatonceatimethefloatcausedseverepowerplantsbreakdownwithanelectricitylossof14000kW,equaltothecapacityofasmallpowerstation.

Waterpollutionnotonlybecomesanimpedimentoftheeconomicdevelopment,butalsoendangerstheexistenceofthepeople.ThewaterqualityinYangtengLakedropstograde3fromgrade2,whichcausesthewaterundrinkable.

3Stateofmembraneindustry

Chinahasalotofresearchunitsandresearchersonmembrane.Theresearchonelectricdialysisandionexchangemembranebeganin1958[2].ROmembranebeganin1965andUFmembranein1970s.TheearliestpreparedUFmembrane,celluloseacetateUFmembrane,wasusedinelectriccoatsystemin1980s,afterpolysulfonehollowfiberUFmembranewasmanufactured.TheresearchesandthedevelopmentalsowentaheadrapidlyonNFmembrane,gasmembrane,inorganicmembrane,pervaporationmembraneandliquidmembrane.

AlthoughthemembraneindustryofChinaisnotbig,itgrowsupveryquickly.Accordingtothestatisticaldatain1997,therewere13bigcompaniesofmembranewiththeoutputover＄1.2millioninChina（Tab.1）.Theoutputofsolomembranewas＄45million,withinwhichtheimportedvaluewas＄27million.Theindustrialoutputrelevanttomembranewasestimated＄0.17billionanditwillbe＄0.3billionthisyear.Theimportedmembraneisabout70%salesinChina.Theoutputoflocallymanufacturedmembraneincreasedby30%annually.

In1997,theglobaloutputvalueofmembraneanditsrelevantequipmentwasabout＄10billion.Itisestimatedthattheoutputvaluewillbeincreasedto＄14billionin2000.TheoutputofmembraneindustryofUSAwas＄1.1billionin1997andwillreach＄1.6billionin2001withtheannualgrowthrateof8.0%.In1997,thesalesofmembraneproductsforwatertreatmentwas＄0.97billioninEurope.Itisreckonedtobe＄1.65billionin2004withtheannualgrowthrateof7.9%.Accordingtothesegrowthrates,ChinawillcatchupwithUSAandEuropeinthecomingyearsasshowninFig.1.

Tab.1Chinesemembranecompanieswiththeoutputofover＄1.2million

No

Companies

Products

1

8271

RO

2

NationalEngineeringResearchCenterofMembraneTechnology,DalianChina

Gasmembrane

3

MotianCompanyofMembraneTechnologyandEngineering,TianjinInstituteofTextileScienceandTechnology

RO,UF,MF

4

BeijingShunyiWaterTreatmentEquipmentFactory

ED

5

ShandongZhaoyuanMotianGroupCo.,Ltd.

UF

6

EighthResearchInstituteofNuclearIndustry,Shanghai

MF

7

TheDevelopmentCenterofWaterTreatmentTechnology,SOAHangzhou

RO,UF,MF,ED

8

HuzhouOumeiWaterTreatmentEquipmentCo.,Ltd

UF,ED

9

ShenzhenXinyeCompany

10

QingjiangChemicalFactory

MF

11

BeijingGreenSourceCompany

Engineering

12

ChinaNationalBlueStarChemicalCleaningCompany

Engineering

13

ShanghaiJimeiFilterCompany

MF

Fig.1TheoutputincreasesofmembraneproductsinUSA,EuropeandChina

TherearetensofresearchinstitutesinChina,ofwhichmorethan20areonUFandMFmembrane.Meanwhile,therearetworesearchbasesonmembrane.Oneistheaqueousmembraneresearchinstitute—TheDevelopmentCenterofWaterTreatmentTechnology,SOAHangzhouChina,andtheotheristhegasmembraneresearchbase—NationalEngineeringResearchCenterofMembraneTechnology,Dalian,China.

4Applicationofmembraneinwatertreatment

Theapplicationofmembraneinwatertreatmentdependsonitseffectivenessofseparationandcostofprocess.Asanadvancedseparationtechnology,itisendowedwithmanyadvantages:

highselectivity,applicabilityunderambienttemperaturewithoutphasechange,lowcostofenergy,highlevelofautomation,lowpollutionandetc.

4.1Desalinationofseawaterandblackwater

ROisthemosteconomicalwayforthedesalinationofseawaterandblackwater.Theenergyconsumptionislessthan5kW·h/tforseawateror0.5～3kW·h/tforblackwater.ThebiggestplantofROforseawaterdesalinationcanproducewater2.1×105m3/d,forblackwateris1.3×105m3/d.ItseemsthatROisthebestmethodtosolvetheproblemofdrinkingwaterandindustrialwaterinthedraughtareas.ItcanbeverifiedbythefactthatmostofthelargestdesalinationplantsarelocatedinMiddleEastasshownintab.2[3]

.

4.2Purificationofdrinkingwater

Membraneisthebesttoolforthepurificationofdrinkingwaterbecauseitcanremovethesuspendedsubstance,bacteria,toxicmetalliccomponentsandorganiccomponentstoimprovethewaterquality.90%ofthecitywaterisproductivewater,only9%suppliedwateristhedomesticwaterandonly1%isdrinkingwater.Tosupplywaterseparatelyfortheresidentzonesisaneffectivewaytoimprovethequalityofdrinkingwater.Supplyingwaterseparatelyistotreatthe1%suppliedwaterwithmembraneforspecialpurpose.SeparatesupplysystemhasbeenbuiltinsomeresidentzonesofBeijingandShenyang,whichmainlyuseROmembrane.

Tab.2Thelargestfivedesalinationplantsintheworld

Country

Productioncapacity（m3/d）

Unitnumber

Workyear

Membranecompany

SaudiArabia

128000

15

1998

TOYOBO

SaudiArabia

90909

15

1999

DUPONT

SaudiArabia

56800

10

1989

TOYOBO

SaudiArabia

56800

10