高一英语定语从句讲解.docx
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高一英语定语从句讲解
2017高一英语定语从句讲解
定语从句讲解
1．定语从句：
复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevasewhichwasveryreasonable.
Thosewhoworkhardwillmakeprogress.
2．先行词：
被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3．关系词：
引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
1）关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等。
2）关系词通常有下列三个作用：
A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。
例如：
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句,who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man， “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。
（二）关系代词引导的定语从句
1．who 指人，在定语从句中作主语、宾语。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。
2．whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。
The professor （ whom ） you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。
The girl （ whom ） the teacher often praises is our monitor. 注意：
关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。
但直接介词后只用whom,不可省略。
The man （ whom / who ）you met just now is my old friend.
Themantowhomyoutalkedjustnowismyoldfriend.（whom不可省略）
3．which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。
或在非限制定语从句中代替整个主句。
Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
This is the pen （ which ） he bought yesterday.
Hefailedtheexamagain,whichmadehisfatherangry.
4．that 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。
在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。
The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.
Where is the man （that / whom） I saw this morning?
我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？
Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia.
5．whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。
注意：
指物时，常用下列结构来代替：
Weliveinahouse,__________windowsfacethesea.
Weliveinahouse,___________thewindowsfacethesea.
Weliveinahouse,thewindows__________facethesea
Weliveinabeautifulhouse,andthewindows_________facethesea
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
=_____________________=_________________
（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。
The school （which / that） he once studied in is very famous.
=The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。
This is the boy （whom / who / that） I played tennis with yesterday.
=This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。
The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
=The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
注意：
１． 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。
如：
look for, look after, take care of 等。
This is the watch （which / that） I am looking for. （正） 这是我正在找的手表。
This is the watch for which I am looking . （误）
The babies （whom / who / that） the nurse is looking after are very healthy. （正）
The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误）
２．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。
关系代词是所有格时用whose。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. （正）
The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. （误）
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. （正）The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. （误）
３．“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。
如：
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom =（…）are very kind to him.
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which=（…） have gone bad.
Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.
（四）关系副词引导的定语从句
1． when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the day when=（…） I first came to this school.
The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。
2． where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。
The house where=（…） I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
I visited the farm where=（…） a lot of cows were raised .
3． why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
Please tell me the reason why=（…） you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。
I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。
注意：
关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。
如：
Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live.
The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.
（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句
形式上：
不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。
意义上：
是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。
译法上：
译成先行词的定语：
“．．．的”
关系词的使用上：
A．作宾语时可省略B．可用thatC．可用who 代替whom
非限制性定语从句
形式上：
用逗号“，”与主句隔开。
意义上：
只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。
译法上：
通常译成主句的并列句。
关系词的使用上：
A．不可省略B．不用thatC．不可用who 代替whom
限制性定语从句举例：
The teacher told me that Tom was the person （that/who/whom）I could depend on.
China is a country which/that has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
非限制性定语从句举例 ：
His mother, who （不用that）loves him very much, is strict with him.
China, which（不用that） was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.
I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year.
使用定语从句须注意的几个问题:
（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况
1．当先行词是everything, anything, nothing （something 除外）, all, none, few, little, some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。
如：
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said?
李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？
All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。
There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。
He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 注意：
当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：
Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.
All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people.
2．当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
如：
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
3．当先行词被the very, the only，thelast修饰时。
如：
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.
注意：
当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。
如：
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.
4．当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。
如：
Who is the man that is standing by the gate?
站在门口的那个人是谁？
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
哪件T恤衫最合我的身？
5．当先行词既有人又有物时。
如：
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school
Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.
另外：
1）直接介词后只用which/whom,作定语可用whose，不用who和that
2）that不引导非限制定语从句
3）that和who都可以指人，但下面两种情况，多用who。
①先行词为all,anyone,one,ones等时。
如：
Allwhoheardthenewswereexcited.②先行词为those,he和people时。
如：
Thosewhowanttogopleasesignyournameshere.
HewhodoesnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.
（2）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句
as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。
具体情况是：
1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。
如：
He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。
He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实， 这一点我们看得出来。
2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。
which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。
另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义，用于一些固定结构。
如：
asanybodycansee正如人人都能看到的那样
asiswellknown=asisknowntoall众所周知
aswehadexpected正如我们所预料的那样
asoftenhappens正如经常发生的那样
ashasbeensaidbefore如上所说
asismentionedabove正如上面提到的
As（不用which） is known to all, China is a developing country.
He is from the south, as（可用which） we can know from his accent.
John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知， 约翰是个著名作家。
Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe.
注意：
当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。
如：
Tom was late for school again and again, which（不用as） made his teacher very angry.
These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy.
3. 当先行词受such, the same ,as修饰时，关系词常用as。
如：
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。
He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。
This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。
注意：
当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。
如：
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的同样的连衣裙。
（三） 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句做状语时通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。
如：
The way （that / in which ） he answered the questions was surprising.
I don’t like the way （that / in which） you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你冲她的样子。
但Theway_____heexplainedtouswasnotpractical.
（4）关系代词与关系副词的选择
用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。
试比较：
A. I know a place _____ we can have a picnic. 我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。
I know a place______ is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.
B. I will never forget the days ____ we spent our holidays together.
I will never forget the days_____we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。
C. This is the reason____ he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。
This is the reason______ he explained to me for his not attending the meeting.
........................ 附加内容.....................................................................................................
（五）定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1．定语从句修饰限定先行词，它对先行词修饰限制；同位语从句解释先行词的具体内容，它对先行词解释说明。
The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. （_____从句）
The fact that he has already died is quite clear. （____从句）
2．定语从句关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。
同位语从句主要由连词that 引导时，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。
The news that he has just died is true. （____从句） 他刚刚去世了，这个消息是真的。
The news that he told me is true. （____从句） 他告诉我的消息是真的。
The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. （_____从句）
The question that he raised puzzled all of us. （____从句） 他提出的问题让我们很为难。
The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. （____从句）
3．同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个表语从句, 而定语从句则不能。
如：
A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. （同位语从句）
The idea was that we coul
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