xueyining副本.docx

xueyining副本.docx

《xueyining副本.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《xueyining副本.docx（7页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

xueyining副本

ToRestoreorNottoRestore：

AQuestionofAuthenticity

XueYining

DepartmentofArchaeology

Abstract

Thoughappliedinmostsituationsofmodernconservationpracticeonhistoricbuildings,restorationandreconstructionisstillquestionedconstantly.Thearticleistoanalyzethelegitimacyofrestorationandreconstructionbasedonthesyntheticunderstandingoftheauthenticityofhistoricbuildings.

Keywords

Authenticity,RestorationandReconstruction,Historicbuilding,Conservation

TheForbiddenCity,theroyalpalaceoftheMingandQingDynasty（1420-1911）,hasbeenunderrestorationandreconstructionsince2002.However,therenovationoftheForbiddenCityhasinvokedthelong-lastingcontroversyonrestorationandreconstructionsincethe19thcentury:

Whetheritisanefficientapproachtoprotectinghistoricbuildingsorakindofdamagetotheirauthenticity（Yang,2002）.The19thcentury’santagonismbetween“restoration”and“anti-restoration”hasdeclined,butthediscussiononthistopiccarrieson（Jokilehto,1999）.Thecoreofthecontroversyishowtheinevitablechangesmadeinthecourseofrestorationandreconstructioncouldbeharmlesstotheauthenticityoftheobject.

Preventivepreservation,whichseekstomaintaintheobjectinitspresentformagainstfurtherdeterioration,hasbeenconsideredasthebestmeansofconservation,whilerestorationandreconstructioninvolvinginterventionontheexistingfabrichasbeenchargedasathreat（Madsen,1985;Matero,1993）.Recentresearchtendstoadmitthelegitimacyofrestorationandreconstructionaccordingtothepracticalneedofconservation（Dann&Wood,2004）.

Inthelightofarefinedandflexibleinterpretationoftheconceptofauthenticity,appropriaterestorationandreconstructiongovernedbyseveralprincipleswithrespecttoaestheticandhistoricvaluesis,asawhole,awaytopreserveratherthandestroytheauthenticityofhistoricbuildings.

UnderstandingAuthenticityinaDevelopingPerspective

Itisessentialtoreachaproperunderstandingoftheauthenticityofhistoricbuildings,beforemakinganyjudgmentonthelegitimacyofrestorationandreconstruction.TheVeniceChartertookauthenticityastheaimofconservation（ICOMOS,1964）.Authenticityisthequalitythatmakestheculturalheritagewhatitis.Differentcomprehensionsonauthenticityhavedirectedtodifferentattitudestorestorationandreconstruction.

Viollet-le-Duc（1814-1879）wastheproponentofrestorationandreconstruction“inthestyleoftheorigin”（Viollet-le-Duc,1996,p315）.Headvocatedthereconstructionofmissingpartsaccordingtothebuilding’soriginalstyleandtheeliminationofelementsaddedlater（Vieira,2004）.Thisideaof“stylisticrestoration”hasbeenrejectedbymodernconservationethic,becauseitwasbasedonaninsufficientunderstandingofauthenticityasthestateofthebuildingwhenitwasfirstestablished.Subsequentadditionswhichhavespecificsignificanceaswitnessofhistoryshouldbetakenasapartofauthenticity.“Thevalidcontributionsofallperiodstothebuildingofamonumentmustberespected,sinceunityofstyleisnottheaimofarestoration”（ICOMOS,1962）.

JohnRuskin（1819-1900）wastheexponentoftheanti-restorationmovement（Jokilehto,1999）.Accordingtohim,theagewasthegreatestgloryofhistoricbuildings,andtheauthenticitywasaresultofallthechangesonhistoricbuildingsthroughtime,includingtracesofweatheringanduse（Ruskin,1996）.Thusanyinterventionintotheexistingformwasfallacious.Ruskinwasthefirsttocallforthe“historicity”astheparamountimportanceinconservation（Null,1985）,whichisstillworththinkingtoday.Topreserveauthenticity,anykindofcreationignoringthehistoricaltruthshouldbejudgedasillegal.Howeverhefailedtodistinguish“age”from“historic”（Vieira,2004）.Historicbuildingsareconservednotbecauseoftheiroldnessbuttheirsignificance.Authenticity“doesnotlimitconsiderationtooriginalformandstructurebutincludesallsubsequentmodificationsandadditionsoverthecourseoftime,whichthemselvespossessartisticorhistoricalvalues”（UNESCO,1972）.Naturalweathering,materialdecayorman-madedestructionaschangesthroughages,whichshownoaestheticorhistoricvalue,shouldnotbeconsideredastheauthenticityofhistoricbuildings.

CesareBrandi（1906-1988）contributedtoadmitrestorationandreconstructionasaproperwayofconservationwithacriticalperspectiveonhistoricandaestheticauthenticity（Jokilehto,1999）.Hedefinedrestorationandreconstructionas“themethodologicalmomentinwhichtheworkofartisappreciatedinitsmaterialformandinitshistoricalandaestheticdualitywithaviewtotransmittingittothefuture”（ascitedinJokilehto,1999,p233）.AccordingtoBrandirestorationandreconstructionreestablishespotentialauthenticitywithoutcommittinganartisticorhistoricalfake（Jokilehto,1985;Null1985）.

AftertheWorldWarII,frequentcommunicationsbetweencountriesandtheneedofsettlingconservationproblemstogetherfinallyresultedintheappearanceofinternationalcharters.Theideasandprinciplesshowninthesechartershavecharacterizedthemajorconservationphilosophyandpracticenowadays.TheVeniceCharterinterpretedauthenticityasstrictadherencetohistoricaltruthintheconservationofculturalheritage（ICOMOS,1964）.TheKrakowCharterprovidedaspecificdefinitionofauthenticity:

“thesumofsubstantial,historicallyascertainedcharacteristics:

fromtheoriginaluptothecurrentstate,asanoutcomeofthevarioustransformationsthathaveoccurredovertime”（ICOMOS,2000）.Modernconservationethicbasedonthesystemoftheinternationalchartershasplacedstrongemphasisonthesubsequentcharacteristicsofassets（Matero,1993）,andonalterationsoccurringonthehistoricallayersofthesiteandeventherelativelycontemporaryfeaturesitmaydisplay（Dann&Wood,2004;Lamei,2005）.TheNaraDocumentonAuthenticitystatedthatknowledgeandunderstandingofcrediblesourcesofinformation,inrelationtocharacteristicsofculturalheritage,isarequisitebasisforassessingallaspectsofauthenticity（ICOMOS,1994）.Itattemptedtograpplewiththequestionofvaluesandauthenticity,payingrespecttotheideathatdifferentcultureswouldhavedifferentvaluesandevendifferentnotionsofauthenticity.

Authenticityconsistsinphysicalfabric,suchasmaterial,structure,surfacedecorationsandlayout;andliesinnon-physicalcompositionaswell,suchasrecord,documents,functionandstyle.ThemarblecaryatidsporchofErektheion,Greecewasreplacedbyconcretecastingtoreintegratetheauthenticstructureandoutlookofthetemple（Jokilehto,1999）.Inthiscase,theoriginalityofmaterialsispartlygone,however,theauthenticityasawholeweresavedinreturn.Authenticityisasummaryoftheoriginalestablishmentandmeaningfulsubsequentalterationsthatahistoricbuildinghasexperiencedtillcurrenttime.TheremainedtracesofhistoricrepairswereevencherishedasapartofagevaluebyRuskin,theviolentopponentofrestoration（Madsen,1985）.Authenticityisthetruthofahistoricbuildingwhichrejectsfalsificationandconjecture.Itrequireshonestconservationwithaccurateevidence.Moreover,consideringhistoricbuildingsasculturalheritage,itsauthenticityshouldalwaysbeunderstoodwithinitsculturalbackgroundandcan’tbeseparatefromtheoriginalsurroundings.

Tosumup,theauthenticityofahistoricbuildingasaestheticentityandhistoricdocumentisthecompoundtruth,bothtangibleandintangible,whichmakesitvaluableandsignificant.Understoodinadevelopingperspective,theauthenticityofahistoricbuildingliesinitsyesterday,todayandtomorrowratherthanasimplepointoftime.

Withsucharefinedunderstandingoftheconceptofauthenticity,interventionsintotheexistingfabricshouldnotsimplybeconsideredasdestructive.Itshouldbejudgedcarefullywhathastoberemainedandwhathastobechangedinthespanofages.Thisisthecoreofthemodernconservationethic.Whentherightdecisionismade,changesofthefabricwillcertainlypreservetheauthenticityinapositiveway.Thatistosay,appropriaterestorationandreconstructionhelpstopromoteratherthanreducethevaluabletruthofhistoricbuildings.

PrinciplesthatGuaranteeAuthenticity

Appropriaterestorationandreconstructionshouldalwaysfollowasetofprinciplesproposedininternationalchartersorbydominantinstitutions.Theessenceoftheseprinciplesisthepracticalreflectionontheidealunderstandingofauthenticity,whichservetorealizethelatterinthecourseofrestorationandreconstructionbypreventingincorrigiblemistakes.Thoughithastobeadmittedthatanyinterventionintotheexistingfabriccouldbecomeapotentialthreatofchangingitsoriginality,restorationandreconstructionisstillamustwhilepreventivepreservationturnsouttobeinsufficientforthosebadlypreservedhistoricbuildings.Theprinciplesguaranteethatthecompromisemadeintheprocessofrestorationandreconstructionwouldnotreduceanyofthehistoricoraestheticvaluesoftheobject.

Thus,thisishowrestorationandreconstructionisscientificallydistinguishedfromanykindofrebuilding.

Thepriorityofresearchandplanning.“Therestorationinanycasemustbeprecededandfollowedbyanarchaeologicalandhistoricalstudyofthemonument”（ICOMOS,1964）.Athoroughresearchandplanoffersascientificgraspoftheauthenticityofhistoricbuildings（Madsen,1985）.Thepurposeofresearchistoprovidetherestorerswithaccurateevidenceandplentyofinformationtoknowthewholehis