the development of schools of linguistics.docx

the development of schools of linguistics.docx

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thedevelopmentofschoolsoflinguistics

thedevelopmentofschoolsoflinguists’contribuationtothecognitivelinguisitis

HuYanwen

InstituteofScience

InformationEngineeringUniversity

December2007

thedevelopmentofschoolsoflinguists’contribuationtothecognitivelinguisitis

HuYanwen

InstituteofScience

InformationEngineeringUniversity

December2007

abstract

Withthedevelopmentofcongitivelanguage,moreandmorelinguistispayattentiontothisfield,Andsincethehistoryoflinguisticsunderwentlongchanges,manyshoolsoflingtuisitcshasalreadymadecontructuiontotheoutbrustofthisnewfield.Ijustwanttosummarytheirresultsonthisnewlyflower.

keywords:

schoolsoflinguisitcscongitivelinguisticscategorizationmetaphormetonymyprototype

content:

Arisequestion…………………………………………………………4

Ibriefintroductionofcongnitivelinguistic…………………………..4

IIclassicalapproachofcategorization……………………………….9

IIIprototypeCategories……………………………………………….11

IVprototypesandschemas……………………………………………12

VLinguisticandencyclopaedocknowledge………………………….12

VIIConceptualmetaphorsandmetonymies…………………………15

VIIIploysemouscategoriesinmorphonologyandsyntax…………19

IXthemeaningsoffallingandrisingtones…………………………20

Xgrammaticalcategories…………………………………………….21

XIFigureandground…………………………………………………22

XIITheframeandattentionapproach………………………………23

XIIIOtherissuesincognitivelinguisitcs……………………………..26

XIIIIsummary…………………………………………………………27

IArisequestion:

Whatisthelinguisticssetsouttoanalysis?

whatistheirutmostpurposeofthestudy?

thelongingforthemysteryoftheoriginoflanguageandexploretheheartandofhumanhasbeenstimulatingnumerouslingtuisticstoinvolveinthiswork.

Andsincepeoplebegantopayattentiontothisdistinctivefeature---language,therearemanyproblemssproughtout,likethedevelopmentofotherfieldandscience,thelingutisicshasbeenalsounderwentalongwaytoadvance.FromtheGreek's

analysisofphonology,syntaxandsemanticstotheRomancivilzation,Saussure,thefatheroflinguisitcsgivethelingustisanewlife,thenthedevelopementofdesriptiviststogiveusthefieldmethodtodoreserch,WiththeriseofCHomkyandtheAMericanstrucuturalist,wefirstbegantoexploretherelationbetween

languageandourmind,followedbythePragueschoolandLondonschool.Influencedbythesociologyandpsychologyandotherfields,moreandmorepeopleconcernedwiththehumanuseoflanguage,andthecognitivelinguisticshascameout.Wecanseetheideasofeachperiodofshoolsoflinguisicsreflectthehumanbeing'sresearchprocess,firstwepayattentiontoaquestion,thenweexplorethesurfaceoftheproblem

thentothedeepinsideourtheissue,finallywetouchedtheheartandnatureoftheissue.

inmyopinion,whetherweperceivelanguageasacontenthierarchicalsysetemorrelationnet,oramethodtocommunicatewithoutsideworld,thepurposeoflinguisicsistorecognizethehuman'sconginitionoflanguageintotoknowthenatureofhumanbeingsandourpotentialcapability.so,ithinktheconginivelingtuisticsisjust

toexploreinthisfield.Cognitivesciencealthoughitisanewfieldthatbringstogetherwhatisknownaboutthemindfrommanyacademicdisciplines:

psychology,Altlinguisics,anthropology,philosophy,andcomputerscience.Althoughitisthenewlyfield,manyschoolsoflinguisitcshasalreadymadecontributionstothedevelpmentofit.So,

inthisarticle,Iwanttogivebriefsummaryofthecontributionofeachschoolsoflinguistics.

Ibriefintroductionofcongnitivelinguistic

I.1briefintroductionofcongnitivelinguistics:

cognitivelinguisticsisanapproachtolanguagethatisbasedonourexperienceoftheworldandthewayweperceiveandconceptualizeit.

thebasicfoundationofthecognitivelinguisticsisthereisaintermediatelevelbetweenlanguageandworld--congintion.Talmyisthefirstpersonwhothinkaboutthisproblem,butuntil1987,thepublicationof"Woman,fireanddangerousthings"byLakoffmarkedthebegingingofthisfield.

Basedonthementalism,theyholdthat:

languageknowledgeisthepartofourcommonknowledge;languagelikeotherthinkingprocess;theuseoflanguagecontainthegeneralcongnitiveprinciple;thenaturallanguageandfigurativelanguagehasnoclearboundary,synchronicanddiachronicdescriptionshouldbeboundtogether;thevarientoflanguagemakeusknowtheprincipleoflanguageandcognitition;thelanguisticsshouldbelinkedwithotherdisciplines.

AccordingtoLakoff,thecognitionlinguisticsisagainttheobjectivism,orthetraditionalview.

onthetraditionalview,reasonisabstractanddisembodied,wecallingthetraditinalviewobjectivismforthefollowingreason:

Modernattempstomakeitworkassumetherationalthoughtconsisitsofthemanipylationofabstractsymblosandthatthesesymblosgettheirmeanningvuaacorrespondencewiththeworld,objectivelyconstructed.Acollectionofsymblosplacedincprrespondencewithanobjectivelysturcturedworldisviewasarepresentationofrealtity.thetraditionalviewseesreasonasliteral,asprimarilyaboutpropositionsthatcanbeobjectivelyeithertrueorfalse.thetraditionalaccoutclamisthatthecapaccityformeaninfulthoughtandforreasonisabstractandnotnecessarulyembodiedinanyorganism.thus,meaningfulcomcepsandrationalityaretranscendental,inthesensethattheyaretranscend,orgobeyondthephysicallimitationsofanyorganism.Meaningfulconceptsandabstractreasonmayhappentobeembodiedinhumanbeings,orinotherorangims-buttheyexistabstray,independentlyofanyparticularembodiment.

Onthecongintiveview,reasonhasbodilybasis,ittakesimagniativeaspectsofreason-metaphor,metonmyandmentalimageryascentraltoreason,ratherthanasaperipheralandinconsequentialadjuncttotheliteral.inthenewview,,meaningisamatterofwhatismeaningfultothinking,functioningbeings.Thenatureofthinkingorganismandthewayitfunctionsinitsenvironmentareofcentralconcerntothestudyofreason.

Bothviewstakecategorizationasthemainviewthatwemakesenseofexperience.Categoriesonthetraditionalviewarecharacterizedsolelybytheproperitiessharedbytheirmembers.thatis,theyare

（1）independentlyofthebodilynatureofbeingsdoingthecategorizingandliterally,

（2）literally,withnoimaginativemechanisms（metaphor,metonymyandimagery）enteringintothenatureofcategories.inthenewview,ourbodilyexperienceandthewayweuseimaginativemechanismarecentraltohowweconstructcategoriestomakesenseofexperience.

thenewviewholdthatthoughtisembodied,thatis,thestructureusedtoputtogetherourconceptualsysystemsgrowoutofbodilyexperienceandmakesenseintermsofit,moreover,thecoreofourconceptualsystemisdirectlygroundedinperception,bodymovement,andexperienceofaphysicalandsocialcharacter.thoughtisimaginative,inthatthoseconceptswhicharenotdireclygroundedinexperienceemploymetaphor,metonlyandmentalimagery-allofwhichgobeyondtheliteralmirroring,orrepresentation,ofexternalreality.thoughhasgestaltpropertiesandisthusnotatomistic;conceptshaveanoverallstructurethatgoesbeyondmerelyputtingtogetherconceptualbuildingblockbygeneralrules.thoughthasanecologicalstructure.theefficiencyofcognitiveprocessing,asinlearningandmemory,dependesontheoverallsturctureoftheconceptualsyste,andonwhattheconceptsmean.thoughtisthusmorethanjustthemechanicalmanipulationofabstractsymbols.conceptualstructurecanbedescribedusingcognitivemodelsthathavetheaboveproperties.thetheoryofcongitivemodelsincorporateswhatwasrightaboutthetraditionalviewofcategorization,meaningandreason,whileaccountingfortheempiricaldataoncategorizationandfittingthenewviewoverall.

I.2thethreeapparoches:

Cognitivelinguisticsrepresentedbythreemainapproaches:

theexperientialview,theprominenceview,andtheattentionalviewoflanguage.Tobeginwiththeexperientialview,itsmainclaimisthatinsteadofpostultinglogicalrulesandobjectivedefinitionsonthebasisoftheoreticalconsiderationsandintrospection,amorepracticalandempiricalpathshouldbepursued.Theybelievethatoursharedexperienceoftheworldisalsostoredinoureverydaylanguageandcanthusbegleanedfromthewayweexpressourideas.Inordertoopenthismine,however,wehavetogobeyondthelogicofclausepatternsandexaminefigurativelanguage,especiallymetaphors.Theprominenceviewprovidesoneexplanationofhowtheinformationinaclauseisselectedandarranged.Analternativeapproachisbasedontheassumptionthatwhatweactuallyexpressreflectswichpartsofaneventattactourattention,I.3CongnitiveGrammarandCognitiveSemanticsanditcanthereforebecalledtheattentionalview.

I.3CongnitiveGrammarandCognitiveSemantics

itconsiststwoparts:

congitivegrammarandcongintivesemantics.thecongitiveGrammarworksontoconnecttheconceptualrolewithstructuralpoleandfinddefinitiontodifferentcategorization,levelorstructureofgrammar,Theyholdthatthephonology,phoneticandsyntaxaswellassematicsshouldbeassociatedwitheachotherandcannotbedividedseparatelytoexplore.andthecongitivesemanticsconcentratesonmetaphor,imageschema,meantalspacesaswellasconstructingascenetoillustrate.

now,wehaveabriefinsightintothecognitivelinguisitcs,welookintowhatcontributionshadbeenmadebymanyschoolsoflinguisiticsinthisfieldandhowtheyadvancethedevelopmentofthisfield.

IIthecategorizationofcol