TheCharacteristicsandTranslationofBusinessCo.docx

TheCharacteristicsandTranslationofBusinessCo.docx

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TheCharacteristicsandTranslationofBusinessCo

The Characteristics and Translation of Business Co

Contents

Acknowledgement....................................................................................17

Abstract:

Aregimeofcontractisfundamentaltomodernsociety.Thewholeeconomy,eventhewholesocialsystembasesonit.Alongwiththerapiddevelopmentofglobaleconomyintegration,internationalbusinessaremoreandmorefrequentand,businessEnglish,asatoolforinternationaleconomicexchangeandbusinessroutineshasanewtypeofcomprehensivesubject.MoreandmoreEnglish-learnersandlaw-majorshopetheycanknowsomethingaboutbusinessEnglishcontractssoastounderstandthemcorrectly,translatethemexactlyandmakethemperfectly.However,businessEnglishcontracthasitsuniquefeatures.Ithasstrictrequirementintermsofthestructure,content,formatanddiction.InEnglish-Chinesecontracttranslation,translatorsshouldhaveastrongawarenessoflexicalandsyntacticfeaturesofbusinessEnglishcontractaswellasbeknowledgeableaboutitstranslationcriteria,sothattranslatorscanhaveabettercomprehensionandtranslationwouldbeaccurate,rigorousandnormative.

摘要：

合同制度是现代社会必不可少的一种制度。

社会的经济，甚至是整个社会制度都依靠它。

随着全球经合合作的加快，国际间的商务交流越来越频繁，而商务英语作为一种国际经济交流以及日常商务交流起着一个全新的角色作用。

越来越多的英语学习者和法律专业的学习者都强烈希望着可以对商务合同英语有更多的了解，这样，便可以准确而完美的翻译它们。

然而，由于合同也具有它独特的特点和在结构，内容，格式等方面具有严格的翻译标准。

因此，对于翻译者们而言，就需要了解合同的词汇以及句子的特点，并了解合同的翻译标准，这样，便可以将合同翻译的准确，严谨而规范。

Keywords:

BusinessEnglishContract；Features；Translation

关键词：

商务合同英语；特点；翻译

TheCharacteristicsandTranslationofBusinessContractsEnglish

1.GeneralIntroductionofBusinessContractsEnglish

TotranslatebusinesscontractsEnglishbetter,it’snotonlytograsptheunderstandingofbusinesscontractsEnglish,butalsotoknowsomebasicelementsofbusinesscontractsEnglish.SuchastheconceptofbusinesscontractsEnglish,somebasicsofbusinesscontractsEnglishandalsothestructureofbusinesscontractsEnglish.

1.1ConceptofBusinessContractsEnglish 

 “Acontract,inthesimplestdefinition,isapromiseenforceablebylaw.Thepromisemaybetodosomethingortorefrainfromdoingsomething.Themakingofacontractrequiresthemutualassentoftwoormorepersons,oneofthemordinarilymakinganofferandanotheraccepting.Ifoneofthepartiesfailstokeepthepromise,theotherisentailtolegalrecourseagainsthim.Thelawofcontracthastodowithsuchquestionsaswhetheracontractexists,whatthemeaningofitis,whetheracontracthasbeenbroken,andwhatcompensationisduetheinjuredparty.”[1-124] AccordingtotheNewEncyclopediaBritannica,acontractshallbeanagreementwherebytheparitiesestablish,change,orterminatetheircivilrelationship.Therearesomeotherprescriptions:

“Contractsreferredtoinlawareagreementsbetweenequalnaturalpersons,legalpersonsandotherorganizationforthepurposeofestablishing,alteringandterminatingmutualcivilrightsandobligations.”

 Onthebasisofunderstandingthedefinitionofcontract,businessEnglishcontracthaskindofrelationshipwiththeLegalEnglishaswellasthemainfeaturesofLegalEnglish.SinceEnglishcontractsarekindoflegaldocuments,weneedtakethemainfeaturesofLegalEnglishintoaccounttotranslatebusinessEnglishcontractprecisely.

1.2BasicsofBusinesscontractsEnglish

Usually,itisdifficultforustojudgewhetherit’savalidcontractornot.SototranslatethosebusinesscontractsEnglish,wehavetoknowwhatarethebasicsofbusinesscontractsEnglish.Avalidcontractshouldpossessthesefourbasics:

I.Ameetingoftheminds[2]betweenthepartiestotheeffectthatbothpartiestotallyagreeessentialsofthedeal.

II.Consideration[3]meansthatacontactshouldtakethecommodity,deliveryandtermsofpayment,etcintoconsideration.

III.Anagreementtoenterintothecontract.

IV.Thelegalcompetenceofeachparty.Thepartiesarenotminorsandareofsoundmind.

1.3StructureofBusinesscontractsEnglish

Usually,acontractisdividedintothreeparts:

preamble,mainbody,andfinalclauses.

I.Contentsofpreamble

Thecontentsofpreamblecontains:

thecorporateorpersonalnamesoftheParties,businessscope,principalplacesofbusinessorresidentialaddress,dateandplace.

II.ContentofMainBody

ThemainbodyofthebusinesscontractsEnglishis:

thetechnicalconditions,quality,standards,specificationsandquantitiesoftheobjectofthecontract;timelimit,placeandmethodofperformance,etc.

III.ContentsofFinalClauses

Finalclausesneedtoown:

corporatesealsandsignatures,etc.Usually,thefinalclauseendedwithfixedexpression,likethis:

Thiscontractismadeoutintwosignatures,eachcopywritteninChineseandEnglishlanguages,bothtextbeingvalid.Incaseofanydivergenceofinterpretation,theChinesetextshallprevail.

2. MainFeaturesofBusinessContractsEnglish

2.1LexicalFeatures

2.1.1MassiveUseofArchaism

AstothebusinesscontractEnglishrelatedwithLegalEnglishaswellastoavoidredundancyincontent,thewholecontractstyleshouldbeaccurate,rigorousandnormative.Archaismwhichhardlyusedinmodernlifeiskindofformalexpressions.Manyofarchaismsarecompoundsbuiltontherootsof“here,whereandthere”,whichusuallycompoundedwithprepositions,suchas,after,by,from,in,on,under,with.Thearchaismswhichhardlyusedinmodernlifearekindofliteraryformtoexpressthemeaningdignifiedandstately.

e.g.  Neitherpartyheretomayassignthiscontract[8-175].

此合同中任何一方不可转让该合同。

     Here,“hereto”isanarchaism.

e.g.  IntheevidenceofaccidentwherebylossorchangemayresultinaclaimunderthisPolicy,immediatenoticeapplyingforsurveymustbegiventoourAgent.[8-175]

     所保货物，如发生保险单项下负责赔偿的事故，应立即通知本公司代理人查验。

     Thearchaismis“whereby”whichmeans“bywhich,becauseofwhich”.

e.g.  Thiscontract,madeasofthedayJune16.2005,byandbetweenABCC.（hereaftercalledPartyA）andXYZCo.（hereaftercalledPartyB）.[8-181]

      本合同于2005年月16日有ABC公司（以下简称甲方）与xyz公司（以下简称乙方）签订。

      Here,“hereafter”isanarchaismmeaning“intherestofthisdocument”inlegaldocuments.

2.1.2AbundanceofTechnicalTermsandAbbreviatedExpression

TechnicaltermstakeanimportantpartinbusinessEnglishcontract.ItisprimaltaskforthebusinessEnglishtranslatorstoknowsometechnicalterms,whichwillinfluencethebusinessEnglishcontracttranslation.

e.g.  PartyBshalltrainPartyA’spersonnelsoastoenablethemtomasterPartyB’sdesign,moulddesign,performancetestandtechnologyinmachining,erectionandinspectionofthecontractproduct,sothatPartyAcanusethetechnicaldocumentsandknow-howsuppliedbyPartyBtoproducethesameproductandmouldinPartyA’sfactory.[4-234]

译文：

须对甲方技术人员进行培训，以方便甲方受训人员掌握合同产品的设计，模型设计，性能测试，加工工艺，装配工艺和质量检验技术，进而使甲方能利用乙方提供的技术资料和专门知识在甲方的工厂内制造出质量相同的产品和模具。

Inthisexample,“performancetext”shouldtranslateinto“性能测试”not“绩效测试”.“technologyinmachining”issupposedtomean“加工工艺”not“机械技术”.“erection”isequalto“安装”not“建筑”.

e.g.  Topromotethebusinesscooperationbetweenbothparties,fortheconvenienceofthecapitalflowofPartyB,PartyAagreestooffercertainlineofcreditaboutthecreditsales.PartyBprovidesitswrittenapplicationforthecreditsalesinaccordancewiththeprocedureofPartyAandprovidesconcernedmaterialrequiredbyPartyA.[4-235]

Here,“capitalflow”means“资金周转”.“creditsales”means“赊销”.“lineofcredit”is“信用额度”.

InbusinesscontractsEnglish,abbreviatedexpressionswhicharewell-knownusuallyused.Fortranslator,theyhavetoknowexactlywhatdoesthoseabbreviatedexpressionsmeaneventrytorememberthoseabbreviatedexpressions.Therearesomeexamples:

AAMA=AdministrativeAspectsofMarketAccess

CEM=ContractualEquipmentManu-facture

EVA=EconomicValueAdded

INRs=InitialNegotiationRights

2.1.3JuxtapositionofSynonymsandSpecializedLegalMeaningWords

SincebusinessEnglishcontractiskindoflegaldocumentandhasthemaincharacteristicsofthelegalEnglish,thebusinessEnglishcontractshouldbeprecise,rigorousandnormative.Juxtapositionofsynonymscanexpressthemeaningofthecontentconciseandavoidmisunderstandingofthecontent’smeaning.

e.g. TheselleragreestosellandtheBuyersagreestopurchasetheunder-mentionedcommodityaccordingtothetermsandconditionsstipulatedbelow.[8-184]

买卖双方同意按下列条款买卖以下货物。

     Here,“terms”and“conditions”aresynonyms.Tomakethecontentclearlyandavoidmisunderstanding,thecontentusedthissynonymhere.

 e.g. ThepackingandwrappingexpensesshallbebronebytheBuyer.[8-185]

     包装费由买方负担

     Here,“packing”and“wrapping”aresynonymswiththesamemeanings.

 e.g. ClaimsinrespectofmatterswithintheresponsibilityoftheinsurancecompanyoroftheshippingcompanywillnotbeconsideredorentertainedbytheSellers.[8-184]

     属于保险公司或轮船公司责任范围内的索赔，卖方不予考虑。

     Here.“Considered”and“entertained”isgoingtoexpressthesamemeaning：

underconsideration.

WordswhicharecommonineverydayEnglishbutwhichhavespecializedlegalmeaningsinthebusinessEnglishcontract.Suchas:

“action”=lawsuit

“serve”=deliverlegalpapers

“determine”=end

2.1.4Usageof“Shall”

“Shall”usuallywetranslateitinto“应该”.However,inlegalEnglish,especiallyinbusinesscontractsEnglish,ithasspeciallawmeaning.“Shall”alwaysmeanstheobligationswhichareforcedtoexecutebylaw.

e.g.  TheSellersguaranteesthatthegoodsshallbeinaccordancewiththeSeller’sspecifications.[8-185]

卖方保证货物品质规格要符合卖方的规格说明。

e.g.  Theformationoft