selectedreading.docx

selectedreading.docx

《selectedreading.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《selectedreading.docx（16页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

selectedreading

一.TheCanterburyTales

1.Heroiccouplet:

AheroiccoupletisatraditionalformforEnglishpoetry,commonlyusedforepicandnarrativepoetry;itreferstopoemsconstructedfromasequenceofrhymingpairsofiambicpentameterlines.

•GeoffreyChaucerwasthefirsttomakeextensiveuseofit.Theheroiccoupletbecametheprincipalmetreusedindramaaboutthemid-17thcentury,andtheformwasperfectedbyJohnDrydenandAlexanderPopeinthelate17thandearly18thcenturies.

2.Pilgrimage:

IntheMiddleAgestheChurchencouragedpeopletomakepilgrimagestospecialholyplacescalledshrines.

Apilgrimageisessentiallyajourneytoaholyplace,typicallyashrine,andthepurposesofgoingonapilgrimagearemanyandvaried.Itwasbelievedthatifyouprayedattheseshrinesyoumightbeforgivenforyoursinsandhavemorechanceofgoingtoheaven.Otherswenttoshrineshopingtobecuredfromanillnesstheyweresufferingfrom.

ThemostpopularshrineinEnglandwasthetombofThomasBecketatCanterburyCathedral.

3.TheGeneralPrologue:

•Whatisthesettingofthestory?

•Whoisthe“holyblisfulmartyr"andwhyisheofinteresttothepilgrims?

•Howmanypilgrimsarethere?

•Whoisthenarrator?

•Wheredotheystayandwherearetheyheadingfor?

•Whenthenarratorhas“timeandspace”,whatishegoingtodo?

•Inwhatorderdoesthenarratorintroducethepilgrims?

•WhatisthecharacteroftheKnight?

•ThenarratoropenstheGeneralProloguewithadescriptionofthereturnofspring.HedescribestheAprilrains,theburgeoningflowersandleaves,andthechirpingbirds.Aroundthistimeofyear,thenarratorsays,peoplebegintofeelthedesiretogoonapilgrimage.ManydevoutEnglishpilgrimssetofftovisitshrinesindistantholylands,butevenmorechoosetotraveltoCanterburytovisittherelicsofSaintThomasBecketinCanterburyCathedral,wheretheythankthemartyrforhavinghelpedthemwhentheywereinneed.

•Thenarratortellsusthatashepreparedtogoonsuchapilgrimage,stayingatataverninSouthwarkcalledtheTabardInn,agreatcompanyoftwenty-ninetravelersentered.Thetravelerswereadiversegroupwho,likethenarrator,wereontheirwaytoCanterbury.Theyhappilyagreedtolethimjointhem.Thatnight,thegroupsleptattheTabard,andwokeupearlythenextmorningtosetoffontheirjourney.Beforecontinuingthetale,thenarratordeclareshisintenttolistanddescribeeachofthemembersofthegroup.

•PilgrimstraveledtovisittheremainsofSaintThomasBecket,archbishopofCanterbury,whowasmurderedin1170byknightsofKingHenryII.Soonafterhisdeath,hebecamethemostpopularsaintinEngland.

•Inline20,thenarratorabandonshisunfocused,all-knowingpointofview,identifyinghimselfasanactualpersonforthefirsttimebyinsertingthefirstperson—“I”—asherelateshowhemetthegroupofpilgrimswhilestayingattheTabardInn.Heemphasizesthatthisgroup,whichheencounteredbyaccident,wasitselfformedquitebychance.Hethenshiftsintothefirst-personplural,referringtothepilgrimsas“we”beginninginline29,assertinghisstatusasamemberofthegroup.

•Thenarratorendstheintroductoryportionofhisprologuebynotingthathehas“tymeandspace”totellhisnarrativeaccordingtotheirprofessionanddegree.

二.Hamlet

1.Story

a.Wheredoesthestoryhappen?

b.Whoarethemajorcharacters?

c.HowdoesHamletknowthemurder?

d.Whatactionsdoeshetake?

e.Whomdoeshekillwhenhewastalkingwithhismother?

f.Whogoesmadandisdrownedinastream?

g.Howmanypeoplewerekilledintheduel?

1.’its:

itis

2.theslingsandarrowsofoutrageousfortune:

thefatalattacksofcrueldestiny

3.byopposingendthem:

endthembyopposing

4.Nomore:

nomoresuffering

5.thatfleshisheirto:

thehumanbodymustsufferfrom

6.consummation；acompletionofone’slife

7.perchance:

possibly

8.ay:

yes

9.rub:

obstacle

10.mortalcoil:

troubleofmortallife

11.respect:

regard,consideration

12.thatmakescalamityofsolonglife：

thatmakesthelongevityofamanagreatmisfortune

13.thewhipsandscornsoftime:

themiserablethingsofthisworld

14.contumely:

insult

15.spurn:

insults

16.patientmeritofth’unworthytakes:

thepeopleofpraiseworthytake（theinsults）fromtheunworthy.

17.Mighthisquietusmake:

mightmakeanendofhislife,mightfreehimselffromallthetroublesoflife.Quietus:

finalsettlementofallaccounts

17.Barebodkin:

meredagger

18.fardels:

burdens19.grunt:

groan

20.Theundiscoveredcountry:

theunknownplacewherewegoafterdeath

21.conscience:

consciousness,meditation

22.Thenativehueofresolution:

thenaturalcolorofresolution,acolorredasblood

23.sickliedo’er:

coverwithasicklycolor

24.Thepalecast:

thepalelook

25.thought:

anxiety,melancholy

26.withthisregard:

becauseofthis

27.pitch:

（orpithinanotherversion）importance,height

28.losethenameofaction:

losethehonorthatderivedfromaction,tobefrustrated

哈姆雷特：

生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题；默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，通过斗争把它们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵？

死了；睡着了；什么都完了；要是在这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的创痛，以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都可以从此消失，那正是我们求之不得的结局。

•死了；睡着了；睡着了也许还会做梦；嗯，阻碍就在这儿：

因为当我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后，在那死的睡眠里，究竟将要做些什么梦，那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。

人们甘心久困于患难之中，也就是为了这个缘故；谁愿意忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延、官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视，要是他只要用一柄小小的刀子，就可以清算他自己的一生？

•谁愿意负着这样的重担，在烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗，倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后，惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国，是它迷惑了我们的意志，使我们宁愿忍受目前的磨折，不敢向我们所不知道的痛苦飞去？

这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫，决心的赤热的光彩，被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色，伟大的事业在这一种考虑之下，也会逆流而退，失去了行动的意义。

3.ThecharacterofHamlet

•Hamletisahumanist,amanwhoisfreefrommedievalprejudicesandsuperstitions.Hehasanunboundedlovefortheworldinsteadoftheheaven.

•Startingfromhishumanistloveofman,heturnstothosearoundhiswiththesameeagerness.Helovesgoodandhatesevil.Hecaresfornothingbuthumanworthandshowsacontemptforrankandwealth.

•Hisintellectualgeniusisoutstanding.Heisacloseobserverofmenandmanners.Heeasilyseesthroughpeople.

•So,Hamletisamanofgenius,highlyaccomplishedandeducated,amanoffar-reachingperceptionandsparklingwit.Heisascholar,soldierandstatesman.

4.ThemelancholyofHamlet

•ThekeynoteofHamlet’scharacterismelancholy.Buthismelancholyisnotthenegative,hair-splittingandfruitlesskind.

•（Moreanalysisonpage87-88）

•So,HamletisaherooftheRenaissance.Hislearning,wisdom,noblenature,limitationandtragedyareallrepresentativeofthehumanistsattheturnofthe16thandthe17thcenturies.

三.Sonnet18

1.thou:

youthee:

you

thine:

yoursthy:

your

2.art:

are

3.lease:

aspaceoftime,ortermforwhichacontractismade

4.hath:

has

5.date:

aperiodoftime

6.theeyeofheaven:

thesun

7.（every）fair:

beautifulthingorperson（美人）

8.fair:

beauty（美貌）

9.Bychanceornature’schangingcourse:

eitherbyfortuneorbythecourseofnature’schanges

10.untrim’d:

strippedofitsbeauty

11.thouow’st:

youown

12.Whenineternallinestotimethougrow’st:

whenyouareinthisimmortalpoetry,youbecomeapartoftime

13.this:

thissonnet

我怎样能把你比做夏天？

你比它更可爱也更温和：

五月的娇蕾有暴风震颠，

夏季的寿命很短就度过。

Whatis（are）thetheme（themes）ofSonnet18?

Immortality（Eternity）andbeauty

四.OfStudies

1.retiring:

retirement，隐居

2.discourse:

谈论

3.toomuchatlarge:

不着边际

4.theyteachnottheirownuse:

theydonotteachthewaytousethem.

5.Hehadneedhave:

hewouldrequiretohave;oughttohave.

6.neversolittle:

nomatterhowlittle

7.receipt=recipe

五.TheFlea

1.mark:

see,lookat

2.Thatwhichthoudeniestme:

thebloodwhichyourefusedtogiveme

3.Pamperedand…two:

havingbeenfedtothefull

4.Ohstay…spare:

ohstop,sparethethreelivesinthisflea.

5.Though…met:

thoughyourparentsandyouarereluctant,wearemixed,

grudge:

benotwillingto

6.Usemakeyouapttokillme:

habitmakesyouwanttokillme（becauseIhavetakenyourhonour）use:

habit

7.Find’st…noe:

findsneitheryounormeareweakerbecauseofthekilling,meaningthatthekillingofthefleahasdonenoharmtoneitherofus.

8.When…tome:

whenyouagreetomyproposalsoflove

9.Justso…fromthere:

Thehonourwhichyouwillloseisnotanybiggerthanyourlossoflifeatthedeathoftheflea.

1.Doyoufindtheideasinthepoemstrangeandgrotesque?

2.Doyouthinkthispoemserious?

3.Inthepoem,thewoman’shonouriscomparedtothedropofbloodthefleahassuckedfromher.Whatisthepurposeofthiscomparison?

六.ParadiseLost

a.ParadiseLostisMilton’smasterpiece.

•Itisalongepicin12books,writteninblankverse.ThestoriesweretakenfromtheOldTestament.

b.Theme:

arevoltagainstGod’sauthority

•Characterization:

God:

aselfishdespot

AdamandEve’scravingforknowledgeembodiesMilton’sbeliefinthepowersofman.

•Noteonthetheme:

MiltonwroteinParadiseLostthathisambitionwasto"justifyGod'swaystoman".Butmanyofthecriticssaythatindoingso,MiltonunconsciouslymovedtowardsmakingSatantheheroofParadiseLost.Thistakesbackthethemefromthepoem,onwhichMiltonstartedtowrite.

c.TheImageofSatan

•Therealheroofthepoem

•Note:

Theexcerpton109arelines105-116inthepoem.

1.field:

battlefield,itrefersto“battle”here

2.allisnotlost:

notallislost不是一切都失败了

3.Thatglory:

指上帝战胜撒旦获得彻底顺利的光荣。

整句意为：

上帝永远不可能从我这里取得彻底顺利的光荣（因为我还要报仇）。

或：

这样的荣耀无论震怒还是武力都休想从我身上获取。

4.Who…solate/doubtedhisempire:

“who”指“上帝”，因为不久前撒旦率天神与上帝战，震撼了上帝的宝座，迫使上帝对他的统治不能不有所疑虑。

empire:

指“权威，统治”

5.ignominy…thisdownfall:

downfall指撒旦反对上帝，失败后被迫堕入地狱，ignominy:

humiliation,为了符合五音步抑扬格，此词末位元音y省去.beneath=worsethan

•Translation