词汇学 刘森林.docx

词汇学 刘森林.docx

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词汇学刘森林

I.DefinetheFollowingTerms.

1.Morpheme

Morpheme（语素）:

theminimalmeaningfulunit（thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords）

2.allomorph

Allomorph（语素变体）:

isadifferentvariantformofamorpheme，differinphonologicalandspellingform,butatthesameinfunctionandmeaning.Oneofthevariantsthatrealizeamorpheme

3.boundmorpheme

BoundMorpheme（粘着语素）:

Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitself.

4.freemorpheme

Freemorphemes:

Thosewhichmayoccuralone,thatis,thosewhichmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,arefreemorphemes.

5.Affix

Affixisthecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.

6.inflectionalaffix

Inflectionalaffixes（屈折词缀）（inflectionalmorphemes）:

affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional

7.derivationalaffix

Derivationalaffixes（派生词缀）A）prefix:

Aprefixcomesbeforewords.B）suffix

aprefixorsuffixaddedtoarootorstemtoformanotherword,asun-inunread,-nessinlikeness

8.root

Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.

9.stem

Astemisthesurpluspartafterthecuttingofinflectionalmorphemeinawordwithinflectionalmorphemes,canbefurtheranalyzed,itsometimescouldbearoot.

10.Reference

Referenceistheconventionalorarbitraryrelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.Partofthewordmeaningisthereference.

11.Motivation（理据）：

Motivationreferstotheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.Mostwordsarenon-motivated.

12.Conceptualmeaning（概念意义）:

alsoknownasdenotativemeaning（外延意义）Conceptualmeaningisoftendescribedasdictionarymeaningorliteralmeaningofaword.Itisthecoreofthemeaningofaword.

13.grammaticalmeaning

（语法意义）:

indicatethegrammaticalconcept（becomeimportantonlyinactualcontext）Grammaticalmeaningreferstothatpartofmeaningwhichindicatesgrammaticalrelationshipsorfunctions,suchastensemeaning,singularmeaning,etc

14.associativemeaning

Associativemeaning（关联意义）:

AccordingtothesemanticanalysisofGeoffreyLeech,theassociativemeaningofanexpressionhastodowithindividualmentalunderstandingsofthespeaker.

15.Hyponymy（上下义关系）

Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Forexample,acatishyponymofanimal

16.stylisticmeaning

Languageusecanbeformal,neutralandcasualinstyle.Thestylisticfeaturesofwords,whichmakewordsappropriateforappropriatesituations,constitutestylisticmeaningsofwords.

17.affectivemeaning

Affectivemeaningreferstothatpartofmeaningwhichconveysemotionsandattitudesofalanguageuser.Sometimesaffectivemeaningsarebroughtoutonlyincontext.

18.collectivemeaning

Collectivemeaningconsistsoftheassociationsawordacquiresonaccountofthemeaningsofwordswhichtendtooccurinitsenvironment.

19.Slang

Slangisthe"languageofahighlycolloquialtype,consideredasbelowthelevelofstandardeducatedspeech,andconsistingeitherofnewwordsorofcurrentwordsusedinsomesocialsense."

20.homophone同音异义词

Ahomophoneisawordthatispronouncedthesameasanotherwordbutdiffersinmeaning

21.WhichofthefollowingisNOTarhetoricalfeatureofidioms?

D

A．Phoneticmanipulation.B．Lexicalmanipulation.

C．Figuresofspeech.D．Phrasalverbs.

22.Thesentence“IlikeMarybetterthanyou.”isambiguousdueto____C__.

A．extra-linguisticcontextB．lexicalcontext

C．grammaticalcontextD．homonymy

23.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneoftheobviouscharacteristicsofthebasicwordstock?

C

A．．Creativity.B．Stability.

C．Duality.D．Allnationalcharacter.

24.Synonymscanbeclassifiedintotwomajorgroups,thatis:

（A  ）

A.absoluteandrelativeB.absoluteandcomplete

C.relativeandnearD.completeandidentical

25.IntheearlyperiodofMiddleEnglish,English,_D________existedsidebyside.

A.CelticandDanish B.DanishandFrench

C.LatinandCelticD.FrenchandLatin

26.Amonomorphemicwordisawordthatconsistsofasingle（ C ）morpheme.

A.formalB.concrete

C.freeD.Bound

27.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanacronym?

（ B ）

A.TOEFLB.ODYSSEY

C.BASICD.CCTV

28.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthemainsourcesofnewwords?

B

A．Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology.

B．Geographicalandpoliticalchanges.

C．Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.

D．Socialandeconomicchanges.

29.Neologismsarenewly-createdwordsorexpressions.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanexampleofneologisms?

B

A．SARS.B．Can-opener.

C．Futurology.D．Freakout.

30.ThewrittenformofEnglishisa（an）____C_______representationofthespokenform.

A.selectiveB.adequate

C.imperfectD.natural

MatchthewordsorexpressionsinColumnAwiththoseinColumnBaccordingto1）meaningofprefixes;2）typeofwordformations;3）typesofmeaningchangesand4）typesofidioms.

AB

（　J　）31．Ultr-A.backformation

（　A　）32．burgleB.initialism

（　H　）33．popC.transferofsensation

（　C　）34．clear-soundingD.before

（　B　）35．VOAE.brim（water’sedge—thetopedgeofacup）

（　D　）36．fore-F.mistress

（　F　）37．degradationG.succeed

（　I　）38．kickthebucketH.clipping

（　E　）39．extensionI.die

（　G　）40．makeitJ.extreme

41.Whatislexicaltaxonomy词汇分类结构?

Illustrateyourpointswithexamples.

Lexicaltaxonomyisaclassifiedstructureformedbydifferentleveloftypesoflexicon.Therelationbetweendifferenttypesoflexiconsistaxonomy.Inthetaxonomyrelations,thelexiconcontainsanarrowtypeistaxonyms,whilethelexiconcontainsawidetypeonasuperiorlevelissuperordinate.Thelexiconsinthesamelevelareco-taxonyms,therelationbetweenwhichiscalledco-taxonymy.

Taxonomydenotesarelationofbelonging:

Xisakind/type/tokenofY.Inthiscase,Xrepresentsthetaxonyms,Yrepresentssuperodinated.

Forexamples:

horseisakindofanimal;

Carrotisakindofvegetable;

Chairisakindoffurniture;

Hammerandsawsarekindoftools;

Usually,thetypesintaxonomyrelationsarewiderthanthebreeds:

animal>horse,vegetable>carrot,etc.

42.Whatisameliorationofmeaning?

Whatisdegradationofmeaning?

Illustrateyourpointswithexamples.

（1）Elevationorameliorationofmeaning词义的升华:

theprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumble（粗陋的）beginningstopositionsofimportance.

[eg：

knight（old）servant（el）rankbelowbaronet从男爵]

（2）ElevationofMeaning（oramelioration）（词义的升格）

Itreferstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionsofimportance.

e.g.marshal:

aservantwholooksaftermares/keeperofhorse

minister:

servant

nice:

ignorant,foolish

（3）DegradationofMeaning（ordegeneration）（词义的降格）

Itisaprocesswherebynon-affectivewordscometobeusedinderogatorysense.itismuchmorecommonforwordmeaningstochangeindenotationfromneutraltopejorativethanitisforthemtogotheotherway．

e.g.sad:

calm,serious--------sorryful

cunning:

knowingaskillful--------gossip,crafty.

wench:

girl,youngwoman--------aloosewoman,prostitute

boor:

peasant--------ill-manneredperson

fond:

foolish

43.Whatistransferredepithet转移修饰词?

Illustrateitwithexamples.

Anepithetisanadjective（orphrasecontaininganadjective）oradverbwhichmodifies（describes）anoun.Forinstance,in"dreamlesssleep",dreamlessistheepithet.

Inatransferredepithet（alsoknownashypallage;literally"echange"）theadjectiveoradverbistransferredfromthenounitlogicallybelongswith,toanotheronewhichfitsitgrammaticallybutnotlogically.Soin"dreamlessnight",dreamlessisatransferredepithet.Theexactmeaningofthesentenceis"nightwhenI（orwhoever）sleptwithoutdreaming,"sinceanightcan'tactuallydreamanyway.

Weusetransferredepithetsallthetime.Anotherexamplecouldbe"Ihadaterribleday.""Terrible"isatransferredepithet,becauseitwasn'tthedaythatwasterrible,onlythethingsthathappenedtomeonthatday.Amorepoeticexamplewouldbe"alongandwearyroad"-longcanapplylogicallytotheroad,butnotweary–sowearyisatransferredepithet

44.Whatissynaesthesia?

Illustrateitwithexamples.

Synaesthesiaisajoiningtogetherofsensationsthatarenormallyexperiencedseparately.

Synesthesiacanoccurbetweennearlyanytwosensesorperceptualmodes,andatleastonesynestheteexperiencedsynesthesiathatlinkedallfivesenses.Giventhelargenumberofformsofsynesthesia,researchershaveadoptedaconventionofindicatingthetypeofsynesthesiabyusingthefollowingnotationx→y,wherexisthe"inducer"ortriggerexperience,andyisthe"concurrent"oradditionalexperience.Forexample,perceivinglettersandnumbers（collectivelycalledgraphemes）ascoloredwouldbeindicatedasgrapheme→colorsynesthesia（e.g.,Aislikelytobered）.Inspatial-sequence,ornumberformsynesthesia,numbers,monthsoftheyear,and/ordaysoftheweekelicitpreciselocationsinspace（forexample,1980maybe"fartheraway"than1990）,ormayhavea（three-dimensional）viewofayearasamap（clockwiseorcounterclockwise）

V.StatetheglocalizationofEnglishlanguage

Glocalisation（orglocalization）isacompoundwordofglobalizationandlocalization.Bydefinition,theterm“glocal”referstotheindividual,group,division,unit,organisation,andcommunitywhichiswillingandableto“thinkgloballyandactlocally.”

GlocalizationAcombinationofthewords“globalization”and“local,”whichsugges