词汇学 刘森林.docx

1、词汇学 刘森林I. Define the Following Terms.1. MorphemeMorpheme(语素):the minimal meaningful unit(the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words)2. allomorphAllomorph(语素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaning.

2、 One of the variants that realize a morpheme3. bound morphemeBound Morpheme(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.4. free morphemeFree morphemes: Those which may occur alone, that is, those which may constitute words by themselves, are free morphemes.5. AffixAffix is the collect

3、ive term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.6. inflectional affixInflectional affixes (屈折词缀)(inflectional morphemes): affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional7. derivational affixDerivational affixes(派生词缀)

4、 A) prefix: A prefix comes before words. B)suffixa prefix or suffix added to a root or stem to form another word, as un- in unread, -ness in likeness8. rootA root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.9. stem A stem is the surplus part after the

5、cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.10. ReferenceReference is the conventional or arbitrary relationship between language and the world. Part of the word meaning is the reference.11. Motivation(理据)：Motivation re

6、fers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.Most words are non-motivated.12. Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) Conceptual meaning is often described as dictionary meaning or literal meaning of a word. It is the core of the meaning of a word.13.

7、 grammatical meaning（语法意义）:indicate the grammatical concept(become important only in actual context) Grammatical meaning refers to that part of meaning which indicates grammatical relationships or functions, such as tense meaning, singular meaning, etc14. associative meaningAssociative meaning(关联意义)

8、: According to the semantic analysis of Geoffrey Leech, the associative meaning of an expression has to do with individual mental understandings of the speaker.15. Hyponymy(上下义关系)Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of an

9、other more general word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animal16. stylistic meaningLanguage use can be formal, neutral and casual in style. The stylistic features of words, which make words appropriate for appropriate situations, constitute stylistic meanings of words.17. affective meaningAffectiv

10、e meaning refers to that part of meaning which conveys emotions and attitudes of a language user. Sometimes affective meanings are brought out only in context.18. collective meaningCollective meaning consists of the associations a word acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur

11、 in its environment.19. SlangSlang is the language of a highly colloquial type, considered as below the level of standard educated speech, and consisting either of new words or of current words used in some social sense.20. homophone同音异义词A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another w

12、ord but differs in meaning21. Which of the following is NOT a rhetorical feature of idioms? D APhonetic manipulation. BLexical manipulation. CFigures of speech. DPhrasal verbs.22.The sentence “I like Mary better than you.” is ambiguous due to _C_. Aextra-linguistic context Blexical context Cgrammati

13、cal context Dhomonymy 23.Which of the following is NOT one of the obvious characteristics of the basic word stock? C ACreativity. BStability. CDuality. DAll national character. 24. Synonyms can be classified into two major groups, that is:（A ） A. absolute and relative B. absolute and complete C. rel

14、ative and near D.complete and identical25. In the early period of Middle English, English, _D_ existed side by side. A. Celtic and Danish B. Danish and French C. Latin and Celtic D. French and Latin26. A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single （C ）morpheme. A. formal B. concrete C. fr

15、ee D. Bound27. Which of the following is NOT an acronym?（B ） A. TOEFL B.ODYSSEYC. BASIC D. CCTV28. Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words? B AThe rapid development of modern science and technology. BGeographical and political changes. CThe influence of other cultures and

16、languages. DSocial and economic changes. 29. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions. Which of the following is NOT an example of neologisms? B ASARS. BCan-opener. CFuturology. DFreak out. 30. The written form of English is a(an)_C_representation of the spoken form.A. selective B. adequate

17、C. imperfect D. naturalMatch the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) meaning of prefixes; 2) type of word formations; 3)types of meaning changes and 4) types of idioms. A B（J）31Ultr- A. backformation （A）32burgle B. initialism （H）33pop C. transfer of sensation （C）3

18、4clear-sounding D. before （B）35VOA E. brim (waters edge the top edge of a cup)（D）36fore- F. mistress （F）37degradation G. succeed （I）38kick the bucket H. clipping （E）39extension I. die （G）40make it J. extreme 41. What is lexical taxonomy词汇分类结构? Illustrate your points with examples.Lexical taxonomy is

19、 a classified structure formed by different level of types of lexicon. The relation between different types of lexicons is taxonomy. In the taxonomy relations, the lexicon contains a narrow type is taxonyms, while the lexicon contains a wide type on a superior level is superordinate. The lexicons in

20、 the same level are co-taxonyms, the relation between which is called co-taxonymy. Taxonomy denotes a relation of belonging: X is a kind/type/token of Y. In this case, X represents the taxonyms, Y represents superodinated.For examples: horse is a kind of animal; Carrot is a kind of vegetable; Chair

21、is a kind of furniture; Hammer and saws are kind of tools;Usually, the types in taxonomy relations are wider than the breeds: animalhorse, vegetablecarrot, etc. 42. What is amelioration of meaning? What is degradation of meaning? Illustrate your points with examples.（1） Elevation or amelioration of

22、meaning词义的升华: the process by which words rise from humble（粗陋的） beginnings to positions of importance. eg：knight (old)servant (el)rank below baronet从男爵（2） Elevation of Meaning ( or amelioration) (词义的升格) It refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. e.

23、g. marshal: a servant who looks after mares/keeper of horse minister: servant nice: ignorant, foolish（3） Degradation of Meaning ( or degeneration) (词义的降格)It is a process whereby non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. it is much more common for word meanings to change in denotation

24、from neutral to pejorative than it is for them to go the other way e.g.sad: calm, serious - sorryful cunning: knowing a skillful- gossip , crafty. wench: girl, young woman- a loose woman , prostitute boor : peasant - ill-mannered personfond: foolish 43.What is transferred epithet转移修饰词? Illustrate it

25、 with examples.An epithet is an adjective (or phrase containing an adjective) or adverb which modifies (describes) a noun. For instance, in dreamless sleep, dreamless is the epithet.In a transferred epithet (also known as hypallage; literally echange) the adjective or adverb is transferred from the

26、noun it logically belongs with, to another one which fits it grammatically but not logically. So in dreamless night , dreamless is a transferred epithet. The exact meaning of the sentence is night when I (or whoever) slept without dreaming, since a night cant actually dream anyway.We use transferred

27、 epithets all the time. Another example could be I had a terrible day. Terrible is a transferred epithet, because it wasnt the day that was terrible, only the things that happened to me on that day. A more poetic example would be a long and weary road - long can apply logically to the road, but not

28、weary so weary is a transferred epithet44.What is synaesthesia? Illustrate it with examples.Synaesthesia is a joining together of sensations that are normally experienced separately. Synesthesia can occur between nearly any two senses or perceptual modes, and at least one synesthete experienced syne

29、sthesia that linked all five senses. Given the large number of forms of synesthesia, researchers have adopted a convention of indicating the type of synesthesia by using the following notation x y, where x is the inducer or trigger experience, and y is the concurrent or additional experience. For ex

30、ample, perceiving letters and numbers (collectively called graphemes) as colored would be indicated as grapheme color synesthesia (e.g., A is likely to be red). In spatial-sequence, or number form synesthesia, numbers, months of the year, and/or days of the week elicit precise locations in space (fo

31、r example, 1980 may be farther away than 1990), or may have a (three-dimensional) view of a year as a map (clockwise or counterclockwise)V. State the glocalization of English languageGlocalisation (or glocalization) is a compound word of globalization and localization. By definition, the term “glocal” refers to the individual, group, division, unit, organisation, and community which is willing and able to “think globally and act locally.”Glocalization A combination of the words “globalization” and “local,” which sugges