雅思真题.docx

雅思真题.docx

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雅思真题

IELTSEXAMINATION

LISTENING

READING

Section1

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonquestions1-15,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.

Sharks

——FaceExtinction——

ProfessorRobertLaw,headofMarineBiologicalLtd,whichmonitorstheoceanenvironment,andaleadinggovernmentaladvisoronmarinepollution,isclaimingtodaythatsharksareindangerofextinction.ProfessorLaw'smainpointisthatworldwidethenumberofsharksofmostspeciesisdroppingrapidly.Exactfiguresabouttheseelusivecreaturesarehardtocomeby,butthegeneralconsensusisthatcertainkindsofsharkpopulationhavedecreasedbyupto75%inthelast30years.

Thegreatwhiteandtigersharkshaveseenthegreatestdropinnumbers,downbyasmuchas90%from20yearsago.Smallersharksarealsounderthreat-thepopulationsofmakos,hammerheads,evencommondogfisharebeingdecimated.EstimatessuggestthatBritishdogfishnumbershavehalvedinthelastdecadealone.

Andthisdeclineisworldwide.ThebigsharkscongregatemainlyinthewarmerwatersofthePacificandCaribbean,butcoldwaterareassuchastheAtlanticandthenorthSeahavetheirownspeciesandthesetooareindanger.

Thereasonsforthedeclineinnumbersarenothardtosee.OnehugereasonisthecontinueddemandforsharkfinsinSouth-EastAsia,wheretheyareusedtomakesoupandasingredientsinmedicines.MostsharksthatarekilledcommerciallyintheWestareprocessedfortheoilthatcomesfromtheirliversSharksarealsovictimsoffear,sincetheyareroutinelykilledbyfishermenwhentheyarelandedwithothercatches.

"Sharkshavenoprotection,"writesProfessorLaw."Theyarenotoutsidethelaw-mostcountrieshavelawsprotectingthespecieswhicharemostunderthreat-buttheproblemisthatpeoplearesofrightenedofthesecreaturesthatthelawsarenotenforced.ThereareperhapsfivemarinebiologistsinEuropeactivelyinvolvedinattemptstosavesharkspecies,althoughthereisgreaterawarenessinAmericaandAustralia.Sharkshaveanimageproblem.Nobodyassociatesthemwithneedingtobesaved,simplybecausetheyaresuchfearsomepredators."

Butthemarketdemandforsharkproductshasalwaysbeenhigh.Therealreasonwhysharkstockshaveplummetedisthesameasthereasonwhyotherfishspeciesareindecline.Modernfishingtechnology-theuseofsonaranddeep-nettinginparticular-hasmadetheshark'snaturaldefencesuseless.

CharlesStarkling,authorofJaws:

theMythoftheSea,agrees."Theequipmentthesharkhastodefenditselfisperfectintherightenvironment.Againstothersharks,humans,fish,allthenormaldangers,thesharkisvirtuallyinvincible."ButStarklingaddsthatnoanimal,nomatterhowlargeanddangerousonitsown,canfightagainststeelnets."Thenetsthatareputouttoprotectswimmersdon'tjustkeepsharksaway.Theykillthem.Asharkwhichiscaughtinanetdies,becausesharkscan'tstopswimming.Withoutaswimbladder,thesharkdrownsassoonasitstopsmoving."Starklingsaysitiscommonpracticeforsharkstohavetheirfinscutoffbyfishermenandthentobedroppedbackintheoceanalive.Theydiebydrowning.

Andtheecologyofsharksmakesthemespeciallyvulnerable.Sharksaretop-of-the-chainpredators,feedingonvirtuallyanythingelseinthewater,andconsequentlytheyarequiterare.ForeverymillionherringintheAtlantic,therewillbeonemako.Sharksaresolitaryandterritorial,withunimaginablyvastareas.Thelargersharksalsoreproduceslowly,givingbirthtoliveyoungoneatatime.

Mostpeopleareafraidofsharks,butwithoutgoodreason.Youaremanythousandsoftimesmorelikelytoberunoverordiefromsmoking-evendeathbylightningordrowninginyourbatharemorelikely-thantobeattackedbyashark,andeventhenmostsharkattackvictimssurvive.Recentresearchsuggeststhatmostsharkskillbymistakeaftertakinganexploratorybite-humansarenotsharks'chosenfood.Buttimeisrunningoutfortheseancientpredatorsofthedeeps.Whentheirpopulationshavegonebelowacertainlevel,noamountoflegislationwillprotectthem.ProfessorLawpointsoutthatmostsharkscannotbekeptinzoos,liketigers,andthatoncetheyaregonetheywillbegoneforever.Hecounselsthatsharksurgentlyneedprotectionbylawiftheyaretocontinuetogracetheseas.

Questions1-8

Completethesummarybelow.Chooseyouranswersfromtheboxbelowthesummaryandwritetheminboxes1-8onyouranswersheet.Therearemorewordsthanspaces,soyouwillnotuseallthegivenwords.

SharksFaceExtinction

Allovertheworld,sharkpopulationsareindramatic________

（1）.Inwarmandcoldwaters,manysharkspecieshavebeenreducedtoa________

（2）oftheirformersize.Thishascomeaboutlargelyasaresultofthedemandforsharkproductsinthemedicalandcateringindustries,butsharksarealsoleftbiologically________（3）,sincetheylackswimbladdersandcandrowniftheyare________（4）.Andtheshark'sreputationmeansitdoesnotenjoythe（5）ofotherendangeredspecies;conservationlawsareoften________（6）.Allthesefactorsarecompoundedbyrecent________（7）inthetechniquesoffishing.Sharksarecomparativelyrare,becauseoftheirstatusas________（8）,andreproduceslowly.Thismakesthemevenmoreexposedtothedangersofoverfishing.Withstocksalreadyverylow,thetimeforfulllegalprotectionhascome.

improvements

protection

decline

followed

fish

vulnerable

change

technology

ignored

section

attackers

laws

movement

trapped

open

part

predators

made

fraction

Questions9-15

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?

Inboxes9-15onyouranswersheet,writeYesifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation,Noifthestatementcontradictstheinformation,NotGivenifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassage.

9Weknowpreciselyhowmuchsharkpopulationshavedeclined.

10Thebiggestreasonforthedeclineofsharksisthedemandforsharkfins.

11Peopleareafraidtoimplementregulationssafeguardingsharks.

12Thesharkisabletoprotectitselfinallcircumstances.

13Sharksliveingroups.

14Sharkattacksareastatisticallyimprobablecauseofdeathforhumans.

15Sharkswillbecomeextinctinthenearfuture.

Section2

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonquestions16-27,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.

TheTruthAboutart

Modernarthashadsomethingofabadpressrecently-or,tobemoreprecise,ithasalwayshadabadpressincertainnewspapersandamongstcertainsectorsofthepublic.Inthepublicmind,itseems,art（thatis,graphicart-pictures-andspatialart-sculpture）isdividedintotwobroadcategories.Thefirstis'classic'art,bywhichismeantrepresentationalpainting,drawingandsculpture;thesecondis'modern'art,alsoknownasabstractornon-representational.Britishpopulartasterunsdecidedlyinfavouroftheformer,ifonebelievesarecentsurveyconductedbySirBruceMcGowen,owneroftheTarnGalleryandWorkshopsinSuffolk,andoneofBritain'smostinfluentialartisticcommentators.Hefoundthattheman（orwoman）inthestreethasadistrustofcubism,abstracts,sculpturesmadeofbricksandalltypesofso-called'found'art,HelikesTurnerandConstable,thegreatrepresentativesofBritishwatercolourandoilpaintingrespectively,ortheFrenchImpressionists,andhistasteforstatuesislimitedtotherealisticfiguresofthegreatandgoodthatlittertheBritishlandscape-RobinHoodinNottinghamandOliverCromwelloutsidetheHousesofParliament.Thiseverymandoesnotbelieveinprimarycolours,abstractionandgeometryinnature-themostcommoncommentisthatsuch-and-suchapaintingis"somethingachildcouldhavedone".

MauriceCoates,directoroftheBuckinghamshireGalleriesinWindsor,whichspecialisesinmodernpainting,agrees."Lookaroundyouatwhatartisavailableeveryday,"hesays."Ourgreatmuseumsandgalleriesspecializeinworkwhichisdesignedtoappealtothelowestcommondenominator.Itmayberepresentational,itmaybe'realistic'inonesense,butalotofitwouldn'tmakeitintothegreatEuropeangalleries.Britainhashadmaybetwoorthreemajorworldpaintersinthelast1000years,sowemakeupthespacewithalotofsecond-ratematerial."

Coatesbelievesthatourignoranceofwhatmodernartishasbeencausedbythislackofexposuretotrulygreatart.HecomparestheexperienceoftheaverageBritishcity-dwellerwiththatofacitizenofItaly,FranceorSpain.

"Ofcourse,wedon'tappreciateanykindofartinthesamewaybecauseofthepaucityofgoodartinBritain.Wedon'thavegalleriesofthequalityofthoseinMadrid,Paris,Versailles,Florence,NewYorkorevensomeplacesinRussia.Wedistrustgoodart-bywhichImeanbothmodernandtraditionalartisticforms-becausewedon'thaveenoughofittolearnaboutit.Inothercountries,peoplearesurroundedbyitfrombirth.Indeedtheytakeitasabirthright,andareproudofit.TheBritishtendtobesuspiciousofit.It'snotvaluedhere."

Noteveryoneagrees.JaneForrester,whorunstheHampshireArtHouse,believesthatwhiletheBritishdonothavethesamehistoryofartisticexperienceasmanyEuropeancountries,theirsensesareasfinelyattunedtoartasanyoneelse's.

"Lookatwhatsells-inthegreatartauctionhouses,ingreetingscards,inposters.Lookatwhat'sgoingoninlocalamateurartclassesupanddownthecountry.Ofcourse,theBritisharenotthesameasothercountries,butthat'strueofallnationalities.TheFrenchartisticexperienceandoutlookisnotthesameastheItalian