国贸第七章.docx

国贸第七章.docx

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国贸第七章

Chapter7InternationalTradeTerms

7.1TradeTermsandInternationalRulesandpracticesonTradeTerms

7.1.1Definition

TradeTerms:

Itisacertainkindofinternationaltradepracticethatdividesupthecosts,risksandresponsibilitiesofthetransportofthegoodsbetweenthebuyerandtheseller.

TheRoleofPriceTerms

Theuseofpricetermsgreatlysimplifiestheprocessofnegotiationandpreparationofthecontractbetweenthesellerandthebuyerandsavestimeandcostofthetransaction.Theyarereallyadvantageousandcost-savingtools.Theexporterandtheimporterneednotundergoalengthybargainingaboutthedetailedconditionsofeachtransaction.OncetheyhaveagreedonatradetermlikeFOB,theycansellandbuyatFOBwithoutdiscussingwhowillberesponsibleforthefreight,cargoinsurance,andothercostsandrisks.

Usingthesetermscanalsosimplifythepaper-workofpreparationforthetradecontract.Onlyatradetermselectedcouldmakecleartheresponsibilitiesofthepartiesandthecontractcouldavoidbeingoverloadedwithdetails.

Inaddition,itwillbemucheasierforthesellertocalculatethecostandquotethepricewhenusingacertainpriceterm.Sometimes,thepartiescouldinvoketheinternationalrulesandpracticesonpricetermstosettlethedisputeswhichhappenedintheimplementationofthetradecontract.

7.1.2InternationalRulesandPracticesonPriceTerms

Pricetermshavebeenusedintradepracticeformanyyears.However,asdifferentcountriesandmerchantsmayhavedifferentinterpretationsoftheterms,misunderstandingsandcontroversiesoccurredfrequently.Inordertoclearuptheconfusion,someinternationalorganizationsmadeeffortstoworkouttheuniformrulesonpriceterms.Thefollowingarethreemajorinternationalrulesandpracticesonpricetermsdrawnupbydifferentorganizations.

Warsaw-OxfordRules1932

ThisrulewasdraftedbytheAssociationofInternationalLawin1932.Itcontains21clauses,whichonlystipulatethenatureofCIFcontract,andthecosts,risksandresponsibilitieswhichshouldbebornebythesellerorthebuyer.Becauseitonlyincludesonesortofpriceterm,itsapplicationislimitedverymuch.Moreandmoremerchantsdiscardeditandturntonewruleswiththedevelopmentofinternationaltrade.

RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941

ThisrulewasmadeoutbynineAmericancommercialorganizationsin1941.ItisasetofpricetermswhichwereusedfrequentlyinUStradeatthattime.Nowadays,itisstillusedinNorthAmericaalthoughithadbeenpublishedformorethansixtyyears.Itcontainssixsortsofpriceterms.

（1）EX（pointoforigin）,suchasExFactory,ExMill,ExMine,etc.

（2）FOB--FreeOnBoard.Itstipulates6specifictermsasfollows:

~FOB（namedinlandcarrieratnamedinlandofdeparture）

~FOB（namedinlandcarrieratnamedinlandofdeparture）FreightPrepaidTo（namedpointofexportation）

~FOB（namedinlandcarrieratnamedinlandofdeparture）FreightAllowedTo（namedpoint）

~FOB（namedinlandcarrieratnamedpointofexportation）

~FOBVessel（namedportofshipment）

~FOB（namedinlandpointincountryofimportation）

（3）FAS--FreeAlongSide（namedportofshipment）.

（4）C&F--CostandFreight（namedpointofdestination）.

（5）CIF--Cost,InsuranceandFreight（namedpointofdestination）.

（6）EXDOCK（namedportofimportation）.

Incoterms2000

Incoterms（InternationalCommercialTerms）wasdevelopedbytheInternationalChamberofCommerce（ICC）inParis,France.

ThepurposeofIncotermsistoprovideasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade.Thus,theuncertaintiesofdifferentinterpretationsofsuchtermsindifferentcountriescanbeavoidedoratleastreducedtoaconsiderableextent.

Frequently,partiestoacontractareunawareofthedifferenttradingpracticesintheirrespectivecountries.Thiscangiverisetomisunderstandings,disputesandlitigations,withallthewasteoftimeandmoneythatthisentails.Inordertoremedytheseproblems,theInternationalChamberofCommercefirstpublishedin1936asetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationoftradeterms.Theseruleswereknownas"Incoterms1936".Amendmentsandadditionswerelatermadein1953,1967,1976,1980,1990and2000inordertobringtherulesinlinewithcurrentinternationaltradepractices.

ItshouldbestressedthatthescopeofIncotermsislimitedtomattersrelatingtotherightsandobligationsofthepartiestothecontractofsalewithrespecttothedeliveryofgoodssold（inthesenseof"tangiblegoods",notincluding"intangiblegoods"suchascomputersoftwares）.

Incotermsdealwiththequestionsrelatedtothedeliveryofthegoodsfromthesellertothebuyer.Thisincludesthecarriageofgoods,exportandimportclearanceresponsibilities,whopaysforwhat,andwhobearsrisksfortheconditionofthegoodsatdifferentlocationswithinthetransportprocess.Incotermsarealwaysusedwithageographicallocationanddonotdealwithtransferofrifle.

Themostrecentversion--Incoterms2000--divide13termsintofourgroupsasfollows:

~GroupE--Departure:

EXW--ExWorks（...namedplace）

~GroupF--MainCarriageUnpaid:

FCA--FreeCarder（...namedplace）

FAS—FreeAlongsideShip（...namedportofshipment）

FOB--FreeonBoard（...namedportofshipment）

~GroupC--MainCarriagePaid:

CFR--CostandFreight（...namedportofdestination）

CIF--Cost,InsuranceandFreight（...namedportofdestination）

CPT--CarriagePaidto（...namedplaceofdestination）

CIP--CarriageandInsurancePaidto（...namedplaceofdestination）

~GroupD--Arrival:

DAF--DeliveredatFrontier（...namedplace）

DES--DeliveredExShip~...namedportofdestination）

DEQ--DeliveredExQuay（...namedportofdestination）

DDU--DeliveredDutyUnpaid（...namedplaceofdestination）

DDP--DeliveredDutyPaid（...namedplaceofdestination）

7.2The13TermsinIncoterms2000

Amongthe13termsinIncoterms2000,therearesixtermscommonlyusedinpractice.TheyareFOB,CFR,CIF,FCA,CPT,CIP.

7.2.1FOB,CFR,CIF

1.FOB

"FreeonBoard"meansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodspasstheship'srailatthenamedportofshipment.Thismeansthatthebuyerhastobearallcostsandrisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsfromthatpoint.

TheFOBtermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.

Thistermcanbeusedonlyforseaorinlandwaterwaytransport.Ifthepartiesdonotintendtodeliverthegoodsacrosstheship'srail,theFCAtermshouldbeused.

Theseller'sobligationsareasfollows:

~Obtainingexportlicenseorotherofficialdocumentsandgoingthroughallthecustomsformalitiesfortheexportofthegoods.

~Deliveringthegoods.onboardthevesseldesignatedbythebuyerattheportofshipmentwithintheperiodstipulatedinthecontractandgivingthebuyersufficientnoticethatthegoodshavebeensodelivered.

~Bearingallrisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsandallcostsrelatingtothegoodsuntilsuchtimeastheyhavepassedthegivenship'srailatthenamedportofshipment.

~Providingthecommercialdocumentsoritsequivalentelectronicmessagetothebuyer.

Thebuyer'sobligationsareasfollows:

~Contractingathisownexpenseforthecarriageofthegoodsfromthenamedportofshipmentandgivingthesellersufficientnoticeofthevesselname,loadingpointandrequireddeliverytime.

~Obtainingimportlicenseorotherofficialdocumentsandgoingthroughallthecustomsformalitiesfortheimportofthegoods.

~Bearingallrisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsandallcostsrelatingtothegoodsfromthetimetheyhavepassedthegivenship'srailatthenamedportofshipment.

~Takingdeliveryofthegoodsandmakingpaymenttotheseller.

WhenadoptingtheFOBterms,thefollowingpointsshouldbepaidattentionto:

（1）Divisionofcostsandrisks

Thelossofgoodsthroughfire,theft,orothermeanscanoccuratanytime:

priortodelivery,duringtransitorinspection,orafterdelivery.Thepassageofriskisthepointintimewhenthebuyerbecomesresponsibleforlossofordamagetothegoods.Itdetermineswhoisresponsibleforthelossordamagetothegoods.Inmostcases,thelossordamagewillbecoveredbyinsurance.Evenso,itisimportanttodeterminewhetherthebuyerorsellerisresponsibleforobtainingtheinsurance.

TobeginWith,"passageofrisk"isdefinedastheshiftingofresponsibilityforlossordamagefromthesellertothebuyer.Thismeansthatoncetheriskpasses,thebuyermustpaytheagreed-uponpriceforthegoodsinvolved.Thebuyermustthenabsorbthecostofthelossesorlodgeaclaimagainsthisinsurer.AccordingtoIncoterms2000,thepassingpointofriskinFOB,CFRandCIFistheship'srail.

（2）VariationsofFOB

However,astheloadingofthegoodsisacontinuousprocess,itishardtouseship’srailasapointtodivideresponsibilitiesandcosts.Toavoidanddispute,thereareseveralvariationsoftheterms:

FOBLinerTerms:

Itmeansthattheshipwillbeartheexpensesforunloadingandthesellerdoesn'thavetopayloadingexpenses.

FOBUnderTackle:

Thistermonlyrequiresthesellertobeartheexpensesforsendingandplacingthegoodsonthewharfwithinthereachoftheship'stackle.Loadingexpensesincurredthereafterwillbebornebythebuyer.

FOBStowed:

Theword"stow"meanstheactofputtingcargotidilyinthehold.Thistermrequiresthesellertoassumealltheexpensesforloadingthegoodsintotheship'sholdincludingstowingexpenses.

FOBTrimmed:

Whenwesaytrimavessel,itmeanswelevelthebulkcargos