08考研英语模拟试题及答案解析范文.docx

08考研英语模拟试题及答案解析范文.docx

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08考研英语模拟试题及答案解析范文

2008年考研英语模拟试题及答案解析

SectionⅠUseofEnglish

　　Directions：

　　Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA，B，CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

　　Scientistsandphilosophersofsciencetendtospeakasif“scientificlanguage”wereintrinsicallyprecise，asifthosewhouseitmustunderstandoneanother'smeaning，1theydisagree.But，2，scientificlanguageisnotasdifferentfrom3languageasiscommonlybelieved；it，too，is4toimprecisionandambiguityandhenceto5understanding.Moreover，newtheories（orarguments）arerarely，6，constructedbywayofclear-cutstepsofinduction，deduction，and7（orfalsification）。

Neitheraretheydefended，rejected，oracceptedin8straightforwardamanner.9，scientistscombinetherulesofscientific10withagenerousmixtureofintuition，aesthetics，andphilosophical11.Theimportanceofwhataresometimescalledextralogicalcomponentsofthoughtinthediscoveryofanewprincipleorlawsisgenerally12.We13recallEinstein'sdescription：

“Totheseelementarylawsthereleadsnologicalpath，14intuition，supportedbybeingsympatheticallyin15withexperience.”Buttheroleoftheseextralogicalcomponentsinpersuasionandacceptance（inmakinganargument16）islessfrequentlydiscussed，partlybecausetheyareless17.Thewaysinwhichthecredibilityoreffectivenessofa18dependsonarealmofcommonexperiences，onextensivepracticeincommunicatingthoseexperiencesinacommonlanguage，arehardtoseepreciselybecausesuch19aretakenforgranted.Onlywhenwestepoutofsucha“consensualdomain”—whenwecanstandoutontheperipheryofa20withacommonlanguage.

　　1［A］evenif　［B］unless　［C］though　［D］if

　　2［A］inquestion　［B］inrelief　［C］infact　［D］inprospect

　　3［A］standard　［B］popular　［C］vulgar　［D］ordinary

　　4［A］susceptible　［B］subject　［C］immune　［D］related

　　5［A］imperfect　［B］perfect　［C］impersonal　［D］personal

　　6［A］ifso［B］ifnotall［C］ifever［D］ifany

　　7［A］verge［B］verification［C］justice［D］certainty

　　8［A］so［B］such［C］too［D］very

　　9［A］Inbrief［B］Inadvance［C］Inpractice［D］Incompany

　　10［A］psychology［B］methodology［C］archaeology［D］theology

　　11［A］community［B］communication［C］committee［D］commitment

　　12［A］acknowledged［B］confessed［C］abandoned［D］refined

　　13［A］may［B］oughtto［C］wereto［D］would

　　14［A］butrather［B］nomorethan［C］butonly［D］lessmorethan

　　15［A］pursuit［B］touch［C］proportion［D］terms

　　16［A］convincing［B］wordy［C］ensured［D］unreasonable

　　17［A］visual［B］informed［C］imaginative［D］visible

　　18［A］statement［B］argument［C］assertion［D］style

　　19［A］commodities［B］commons［C］commonalities［D］commonwealth

　　20［A］community［B］person［C］country［D］nation

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

　　PartA

　　Directions：

　　Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA，B，CorD.MarkyouranswersonANWERSHEET1.（40points）

　　Text1

　　TheFoodandDrugAdministrationsaidWednesdaythatitistryingtotrackdownasmanyas386pigletsthatmayhavebeengeneticallyengineeredandwrongfullysoldintotheU.S.foodsupply.

　　ThefocusoftheFDAinvestigationispigsraisedbyresearchersattheUniversityofIllinoisinUrbanaChampaign.Theyengineeredtheanimalswithtwogenes：

Oneisacowgenethatincreasesmilkproductioninthesow.Theother，asyntheticgene，makesthemilkeasierforpigletstodigest.Thegoalwastoraisebiggerpigsfaster.

　　Therehasbeennoevidencethateithergeneticallyalteredplantsoranimalsactuallytriggerhumanillness，butcriticswarnthatpotentialsideeffectsremainunknown.Universityofficialssaytheirtestsshowedthepigletswerenotbornwiththealteredgenes，butFDArulesrequireeventheoffspringofgeneticallyengineeredanimalstobedestroyedsotheydon'tgetintothefoodsupply.

　　TheFDA，inaquicklyarrangednewsconferenceWednesdaypromptedbyinquiriesbyUSATODAY，saidtheUniversityofIllinoiswillfacepossiblesanctionsandfinesforsellingthepigletstoalivestockbroker，whointurnsellstoprocessingplants.

BoththeFDAandtheuniversitysaythepigsthatenteredthemarketdonotposearisktoconsumers.ButtheinvestigationfollowsactionbytheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureinDecembertofineaTexascompanythatcontaminated500，000bushelsofsoybeanswithcornthathadbeengeneticallyalteredtoproduceavaccineforpigs.

　　Criticsseesuchcasesasevidenceoftheneedformoregovernmentoversightofaburgeoningareaofscientificresearch.“Thisisasmallincident，butit'sincidentlikethisthatcoulddestroyconsumerconfidenceandexportconfidence，”saysStephanieChildsoftheGroceryManufacturersofAmerica.“WealreadyhaveEuropeshakyonbiotech.Thecountriestowhomweexportaregoingtolookatthis.”

　　TheUniversityofIllinoissaysittestedtheDNAofeverypigleteighttimestomakesurethattheanimalhadn'tinheritedthegeneticengineeringofitsmother.Thosepigletsthatdidwereputbackintothestudy.Thosethatdidn'tweresoldtothepigbroker.“Anypigwho'stestednegativeforthegenessince1999hasbeensentofftomarket，”saysCharlesZukoski，vicechancellorforresearch.

　　ButFDAdeputycommissionerLesterCrawfordsaysthatunderthetermsoftheuniversity'sagreementwiththeFDA，theresearcherswereforbiddentoremovethepigletswithoutFDAapproval.“TheUniversityofIllinoisfailedtocheckwithFDAtoseewhetherornottheanimalscouldbesoldontheopenmarket.Andtheywerenottobeusedunderanycircumstanceforfood.”

　　TheFDAisresponsibleforregulatingandoverseeingtransgenicanimalsbecausesuchgeneticmanipulationisconsideredanunapprovedanimaldrug.

　　21.The386pigletswrongfullysoldintofoodsupplyarefrom

　　［A］Europe［B］anAmericanresearchorganization

　　［C］ameatprocessingplant［D］ananimalfarm

　　22.Thepurposeofthetransgenicengineeringresearchisto

　　［A］getpigsoflargersizeinashortertime

　　［B］makesowsproducemoremilk

　　［C］makecowsproducemoremilk

　　［D］makepigsgrowmoreleanmeat

　　23.The4thparagraphshowsthattheUniversityofIllinois

　　［A］wascriticizedbytheFDA

　　［B］isingreattrouble

　　［C］isrequiredbytheFDAtocallbackthesoldpiglets

　　［D］mayhavetopaythepenalty

　　24.TheFDAdeclaresthatthewrongfullysoldpiglets

　　［A］mayhavesideeffectsonconsumers［B］maybeharmfultoconsumers

　　［C］aresafetoconsumers［D］maycausehumanillness

　　25.Itcanbeinferredfromthispassagethat

　　［A］alltheoffspringhavetheirmothers'geneticengineering

　　［B］partoftheoffspringhavetheirmothers'geneticengineering

　　［C］noneoftheoffspringhavetheirmothers'geneticengineering

　　［D］halfoftheoffspringhavetheirmothers'geneticengineering

　　Text2

　　FoodsareoverwhelminglythemostadvertisedgroupofallconsumerproductsintheUnitedStates.Foodproductsleadinexpendituresfornetworkandspottelevisionadvertisements，discountcoupons，tradingstamps，contests，andotherformsofpremiumadvertising.Inothermedia—newspapers，magazines，newspapersupplements，billboards，andradio—foodadvertisingexpendituresranknearthetop.Foodmanufacturersspendmoreonadvertisingthananyothermanufacturinggroup，andthenation'sgrocerystoresrankfirstamongallretailers.

　　Throughthe1970's，highlyprocessedfoodshaveaccountedforthebulkoftotaladvertising.Almostallcoupons，electronicadvertising，nationalprintedmediaadvertising，consumerpremiums（otherthantradingstamps）aswellasmostpushpromotioncomefromprocessedandpackagedfoodproducts.In1978，breakfastcereals，softdrinks，candyandotherdesserts，oilsandsaladdressings，coffee，andpreparedfoodsaccountedforonlyanestimated20percentoftheconsumerfooddollar.Yettheseitemsaccountedforaboutonehalfofallmediaadvertising.

　　Bycontrast，highlyperishablefoodssuchasunprocessedmeats，poultry，fishandeggs，fruitsandvegetables，anddiaryproductsaccountedforoverhalfoftheconsumerfood-at-homedollar.Yettheseproductsaccountedforlessthan8percentofnationalmediaadvertisingin1978，andvirtuallynodiscountcoupons.Theseproductstendtobemostheavilyadvertisedbytheretailsectorinlocalnewspaper，wheretheyaccountforanestimated40percentofretailgrocerynewspaperads.

　　Whenmeasuredagainsttotalfood-at-homeexpenditures，totalmeasuredfoodadvertisingaccountsforbetween3and3.7centsoutofeverydollarspentonfoodinthenation'sgrocerystores.Alittlelessthanonecentoftheseamountsisaccountedforbyelectronicadvertising（mostlytelevision）whileincentivesaccountfor0.6cents.Theprintedmediaaccountsfor0.5centsandaboutone-thirdofonecentiscomprisedofdiscountcouponredemptions.Theestimateforthecostofpushpromotionrangedfrom0.7to1.4cents.Thisrangeisnecessarybecauseofthedifficultyinseparatingnon-promotionalaspectsofdirectselling-transportation，technical，andotherrelatedservices.

Againstthisgrossconsumermustbeweighedthejointproductsorservicesprovidedbyadvertising.Inthecaseofelectronicadvertising，theconsumerwhoviewscommercialtelevisionreceivesentertainment，whilereadersofmagazinesandnewspapersreceivereducedpricesonthesepublications.Theconsumerpaysdirectlyforsomepremiums，butalsoreceivesnonfoodmerchandiseasanincentivetopurchasetheproduct.The“benefits”must，therefore，besubtractedformthegrosscosttotheconsumertofullyassessthenetcostofadvertising.

　　Alsosignificantaretheimpactsofadvertisingonfooddemand，nutrition，andcompetitionamongfoo