1单元.docx

1单元.docx

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1单元

Hardnews

Softnews

Broadcastnews

Structure

Lead

Headline

Lead-in

Language

Readable

第一单元：

英语“硬新闻”导语的结构和写作

第二单元：

英语“软新闻”导语的结构和写作

第三单元：

“倒金字塔”结构和新闻稿英译过程中素材的取舍

第四单元：

新闻语言的特点

第五单元：

新闻标题的语言特点和翻译

第六单元：

广播新闻稿的语言特点和翻译

第七单元：

英汉与汉英笔译比较

第一单元：

英语“硬新闻”导语的结构和写作

“硬新闻”：

hardnews,straightnews

Nowwewillbeginwiththebeginning—themostdifficultpartofnewswriting—andwewillapproachitstepbystep.

SupposethatyouareworkingasareporterforacampusEnglishnewspaper,andyouareaskedtocoverthefollowingevent:

LiJunandWangHaoarefourth-yearcomputermajorssharingthesamedormitoryroom.Duetoaseverecaseofpolioinchildhood,WangHaohastowalkwithtwocrutches.Formorethanthreeyearssincetheyenteredtheuniversity,LiJunhasbeenhelpinghisroommateclimbstairs,carrythings,andgetmealsandhotwaterregardlessofhowbadtheweatheris.Lastsemesterwhentheclasshadanouting,LiJunborrowedawheelchairsothatWangHaocouldgohikingwithothers.Liandotherstudentspushedthewheelchairallthewaytothetopofthemountain.BecauseofwhatLiJunhasdoneforWangHaoovertheyears,thestudentunionoftheuniversitydecidedatarecentmeetingtoawardLiJunthetitleof“ModelStudent”whentheyholdtheMayFourthYouthDaystudentmeetingthenextweek.

Intheverybeginningofthestory,youneedasentencethatsummarizestheevent.Innewswriting,thisfirstsentence,andoftenthefirstparagraphaswell,iscalledlead,perhapsbecauseitleadsthereaderintothestory.

STEPONE:

Summarizethestoryinafewsimplesentences.Youwritethefollowingparagraph:

Afourth-yearcomputermajorsharesthedormwithaclassmatewhowalksoncrutches.Formorethanthreeyears,hehasbeenhelpingthisroommateclimbstairs,carrybooks,andgetmealsandhotwater.Thestudentunionwillawardhimthetitleof“ModelStudent”nextweek.

Thisisveryeasy,soyoumoveontoStepTwo.

STEPTWO:

Combinethesentencesintoone.Thisisstilleasyandyouwrite:

Formorethanthreeyears,afourth-yearcomputermajorhasbeenhelpinghisdisabledroommateclimbstairs,carrybooks,andgetmealsandhotwater,sothestudentunionwillawardhimthetitleof“ModelStudent”nextweek.

STEPTHREE:

Underlinealltheverbsinthesentence,andputtheminreversetimeorder,i.e.,beginningwiththelatesteventandendingwiththeearliest.Now,youhave

Formorethanthreeyears,afourth-yearcomputermajorhasbeenhelpinghisdisabledroommateclimbstairs,carrybooks,andgetmealsandhotwater,sothestudentunionwillawardhimthetitleof“ModelStudent”nextweek.

Thereversetimeorder:

（1）award

（2）help

（3）climb,carry,get

STEPFOUR:

Rewritethesentencebyfollowingthisreversetimeorder.Thesentencebecomes

Nextweek,thestudentunionwillawardafourth-yearcomputermajorthetitleof“ModelStudent”becausehehasbeenhelpingadisabledroommateclimbstairs,carrybooks,andgetmealsandhotwaterformorethanthreeyears.

STEPFIVE:

Carefullyeditthesentenceyouhavewritten.Nowyouhave

Thestudentunionnextweekwillawardthetitleof“ModelStudent”toafourth-yearcomputermajorwhohasbeen,formorethanthreeyears,helpingadisabledroommateclimbstairs,carrybooks,andgetmealsandhotwater.

Thisisalreadyquitegood.Noticethat,inthisexample,whenyoutakeSTEPFIVE,youmovethetimeelements“nextweek”and“formorethanthreeyears”toplacesclosetotheverbstheymodify.Butyoushouldneverbegintheleadwithatimeelement.Neverbeginwith“Nextweek…”

Aleadsuchastheonewehavehereperformsthreefunctions:

（1）Theleadsummarizesthenews.Thesummarizingisoftensoeffectivethattheleadcanstandbyitselfasaone-sentencestory.

（2）Insummarizingthenews,theleadattractsthereader’sattention.Thisisextremelyimportantbecauseitdirectlyaffectsthesurvivalofthenewspaperornewsmagazineasabusiness.Inmarketcompetition,onlythecommoditiesthatattractcustomershavethechancetosurvive.

（3）Theleadprovidesthenewswriterwithameansoforganizingastory.Withaneffectivesummary,theframeworkoftheentirestoryisthere.Allthatremainsistofleshitoutwithsupportingdetail.Inthiscase,afterSTEPFIVE,therestofthestoryfallsinplace.

Ifyoufollowthestepsoutlinedabove,itwillnotbetoodifficulttowriteanewsleadthateffectivelysumsupthenewsandattractsreaders.Theonlythingispractice,practice,andmorepractice.

Task:

Takethefivestepsthathavejustbeendiscussedanddevelopthefollowingpassagesintosinglesentencesthatcanserveasnewsleads:

1.Amotherpostedaletterofappreciationontheuniversitybulletinboardyesterday.Inthelettershepraisedtwosecond-yearFrenchmajors.Thetwostudentstookhersontohospitalaftertheyfoundhimcollapsedontheroad.Hersonisonlysix.

2.Duringtheseven-dayNationalDayholiday,theentireclassofsecond-yearEnglishmajorswenttoHuangShanforaweek.Onthefirstdayofclassaftertheholiday,thestudentsweretooexhaustedtoconcentrate.Someevendozedoff.Theprofessorswereupsetandsaidthatthestudents’“mindswerenotontheirstudies.”Then,thedepartmentannouncedthattheclasswouldhavethemid-termexaminationinaweek’stime,whichistwoweeksbeforetheschedule.

3.Lastnight,athird-yeargeologymajoratenoodlesataroadsideeatery.Anhourlater,anacutepaindevelopedinhisstomach.Hisroommatesbelievedhesufferedfoodpoisoningandrushedhimtothehospital.Now,doctorssayheisinstablecondition.

Thesetwoeventsaremorecomplicatedthantheexampleyouhavejustlookedatbecauseinbothcases,youhavearatherlongsequenceofverbs.Itwouldbegoodifyoucancomeupwithversionsthatareclosetothefollowing:

Amotherpostedaletterofappreciationontheuniversitybulletinboardyesterdaypraisingtwosecond-yearFrenchmajorsforhavingtakenhersix-year-ldsontohospitalaftertheyfoundhimcollapsedontheroad.

Thesecond-yearEnglishmajorswillhavetheirmid-terminaweek’stime—twoweeksbeforeschedule—becausetheirprofessorssaidtheir“mindswerenotontheirstudies”aftertheirlongtourinHuangShanduringtheseven-dayNationalDayholiday.

Athird-yeargeologymajorissaidtobeinstableconditionafterhisroommatesrushedhimtohospitallastnightwhenhedevelopedsymptomsoffood-poisoningfromthenoodlesataroadsideeatery.

Task:

Readthefollowingstoryanddiscusshowwelltheleadsumsuptheentirestory:

ChineseDoctorsOperateonPanda’sCataract

BEIJING（AP）-Chinesedoctorshaveremovedacataractfromtherighteyeofagiantpandainthefirstsuchsurgeryofitskind,theofficialXinhuaNewsAgencysaidWednesday.

Doctorswillknowin15dayswhetherthe90-minuteoperationwithultrasonictoolswillrestoresightforthe22-year-oldpanda,Basi,Xinhuasaid.

Basiisnoordinarypanda.Xinhuasaidthe186-kilogram（410-pound）animalisa“godoflongevity”whohasfaroutlivedthenormalpandalifeexpectancyof12years.

Shealso“isanimbleweightlifter,basketballplayerandcyclist”whoperformedonChinesestatetelevisioninthe1990sandatopeningceremoniesinBeijingofthe1990AsianGames,Xinhuasaid.

ShetouredtheUnitedStatesforsixmonthsinthelate1980stopromotewildlifeconservationand“wasagreathit”onthewestcoast,itsaid.

BasiwassedatedfortheoperationbyeyedoctorsinthesoutheasterncoastalcityofFuzhou,Xinhuasaid.

ThecataractbegangrowinginBasi’srighteyefiveyearsago.Shealsosuffersfromhighbloodpressureandneuraldiseases,andhereyesightwas“extremelypoor,”Xinhuasaid.

Note:

Thisisastorycomingthroughthewireservice.“BEIJING”isthedateline,indicatingtheplacewhereastoryiswritten,and“（AP）”isthecreditline,indicatingtheagencythatsendsastory.Inthiscase,theagencyistheAssociatedPress.

TASK:

Whatwehavebeenlookingataresimplecases.Sometimesinadditiontomeasuringthetimingoftheverbs,wealsoweightheirimportance.Wemaybeginwiththeverbonwhichwewouldlikereaderstofocustheirattentionandputtheunimportantverbsinsubordinateclauses.Considerthefollowingexample:

Aleadwrittenbyastudent:

TwosophomorestudentsonWednesdaywereopenlysellingtothefreshmentheoldexampapersfromtheirpreviousyear’splacementtest,whichtheysaidwouldbeusedagainthisyearwithonlyslightchanges,andtheywerecaught—twodaysbeforefreshmentaketheplacementtestfortheirCollegeEnglishcourses.

Animprovedversion:

TwosophomoreswerecaughtonWednesday—twodaysbeforetheplacementtestforfreshmanCollegeEnglishcourses—whentheyweresellingtofreshmentheoldexampapersfromtheirpreviousyear’splacementtest,whichtheysaidwouldbeusedagainthisyearwithonlyslightchanges.

Inthisimprovedversion,thetwostudentsgettingcaught,themostimportantelementofinformation,occupiesthecentralplace,butthefreshmentakingtheplacementexamandthestudentssayingthesametestpaperweretobeusedagain,thetwoelementsofsecondaryimportance,arementionedaslessobvious,subordinateelements.

TheInvertedPyramidLead

Apyramidisverysmallontopbutwideandbroadatthebottom.Shortstoriesareoftenstructuredlikeapyramid,beginningwithtinythingsbutreachingtheclimaxattheend.

PyramidInvertedpyramid

Anewsleadusuallybeginswiththeclimax,i.e.,withthemostimportantelementsofthestory,becauseahurriedreadermaynothavetimeorpatiencetofinisheventhisfirstsentence.Aleadincludestheanswerstomostofthequestionsa