TPO10reading语法整理.docx

TPO10reading语法整理.docx

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TPO10reading语法整理

一、动名词

TPO10-reading-passage1

1、AcountryasvastasChinawithsolong-lastingacivilizationhasacomplexsocialandvisualhistory,withinwhichpotteryandporcelainplaysamajorrole.

2、Theearliestceramicswerefiredtoearthenwaretemperatures,butasearlyasthefifteenthcenturyB.C.,high-temperaturestonewareswerebeingmadewithglazedsurfaces.

3、DuringtheSixDynastiesperiod（AD265-589）,kilnsinnorthChinawereproducinghigh-firedceramicsofgoodquality.

4、Oneofthemostfar-reachingexamplesistheimpactofthefineninth-centuryAD.

5、Intheseventeenthcentury,thetradingactivitiesoftheDutchEastIndiaCompanyresultedinvastquantitiesofdecoratedChineseporcelainbeingbroughttoEurope,whichstimulatedandinfluencedtheworkofawidevarietyofwares,notablyDelft.

6、JustaspainteddesignsonGreekpotsmayseemtodaytobepurelydecorative,whereasinfacttheywerecarefullyandpreciselyworkedoutsothatatthetime,theirmeaningwasclear,soitiswithChinesepots.

7、Thedragonrepresentedtheemperor,andthephoenix,theempress;thepomegranateindicatedfertility,andapairoffish,happiness;mandarinducksstoodforweddedbliss;thepinetree,peach,andcraneareemblemsoflonglife;andfishleapingfromwavesindicatedsuccessinthecivilserviceexaminations.

8、Longandoftenlyricaldescriptionsofthedifferenttypesofwareexistthatassistinclassifyingpots,althoughthesesometimesconfuseanalreadylargeandcomplicatedpicture.

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9、Oneofthemostdifficultaspectsofdecidingwhethercurrentclimaticeventsrevealevidenceoftheimpactofhumanactivitiesisthatitishardtogetameasureofwhatconstitutesthenaturalvariabilityoftheclimate.

10、Wealsoknowthattheglobalclimatesystemisimmenselycomplicatedandthateverythingisinsomewayconnected,andsothesystemiscapableoffluctuatinginunexpectedways.

11、Whatwedoknowisthatasweincludelongertimeintervals,therecordshowsincreasingevidenceofslowswingsinclimatebetweendifferentregimes.

12、Whiletheserecordsprovidebroadlyconsistentindicationsthattemperaturevariationscanoccuronaglobalscale,therearenonethelesssomeintriguingdifferences,whichsuggestthatthepatternoftemperaturevariationsinregionalclimatescanalsodiffersignificantlyfromeachother.

13、Equallystriking,however,istherelativestabilityoftheclimateinthepast10,000years（theHoloceneperiod）.

14、Onewaytoestimatehowallthevariousprocessesleadingtoclimatevariabilitywillcombineisbyusingcomputermodelsoftheglobalclimate.

15、Thereisagrowingbodyofopinionthatboththesephysicalvariationshaveameasurableimpactontheclimate.

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16、Suchvillages,however,generallylayinregionsofrelativelyadvancedagriculturalproduction,permittingnotonlythesurvivalofpeasantsbutalsotheaccumulationofanagriculturalsurplusforinvestment.

17、MoreextendedtradingnetworksalsohelpeddevelopEurope'seconomyinthisperiod.

18、EnglishandDutchshipscarryingryefromtheBalticstatesreachedSpainandPortugal.

19、Populationgrowthgeneratedanexpansionofsmall-scalemanufacturing,particularlyofhandicrafts,textiles,andmetalproductioninEngland,Flanders,partsofnorthernItaly,thesouthwesternGermanstates,andpartsofSpain.

20、Onlyironsmeltingandminingrequiredmarshalingasignificantamountofcapital（wealthinvestedtocreatemorewealth）.

21、Thedevelopmentofbankingandotherfinancialservicescontributedtotheexpansionoftrade.

22、AnAmsterdammerchantpurchasingsoapfromamerchantinMarseillecouldgotoanexchangerandpaytheexchangertheequivalentsuminguilders,theDutchcurrency.

23、TheexchangerwouldthensendabillofexchangetoacolleagueinMarseille,authorizingthecolleaguetopaytheMarseillemerchantinthemerchant'sowncurrencyaftertheactualexchangeofgoodshadtakenplace.

24、Therapidexpansionininternationaltradealsobenefittedfromaninfusionofcapital,stemminglargelyfromgoldandsilverbroughtbySpanishvesselsfromtheAmericas.

25、Unlikeshort-termfinancialcooperationbetweeninvestorsforasinglecommercialundertaking,joint-stockcompaniesprovidedpermanentfundingofcapitalbydrawingontheinvestmentsofmerchantsandotherinvestorswhopurchasedsharesinthecompany.

二、不定式

TPO10-reading-passage1

1、JustaspainteddesignsonGreekpotsmayseemtodaytobepurelydecorative,whereasinfacttheywerecarefullyandpreciselyworkedoutsothatatthetime,theirmeaningwasclear,soitiswithChinesepots.

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2、Weneedthereforetoknowhowmuchtheclimatecanvaryofitsownaccordinordertointerpretwithconfidencetheextenttowhichrecentchangesarenaturalasopposedtobeingtheresultofhumanactivities.

3、Instrumentalrecordsdonotgobackfarenoughtoprovideuswithreliablemeasurementsofglobalclimaticvariabilityontimescaleslongerthanacentury.

4、Tobuildupabetterpictureoffluctuationsappreciablyfurtherbackintimerequiresustouseproxyrecords.

5、Overlongperiodsoftime,substanceswhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieschangewiththeambientclimateatthetimecanbedepositedinasystematicwaytoprovideacontinuousrecordofchangesinthosepropertiesovertime,sometimesforhundredsorthousandsofyears.

6、Onewaytoestimatehowallthevariousprocessesleadingtoclimatevariabilitywillcombineisbyusingcomputermodelsoftheglobalclimate.

7、Theycandoonlysomuchtorepresentthefullcomplexityoftheglobalclimateandhencemaygiveonlylimitedinformationaboutnaturalvariability.

8、Studiessuggestthattodatethevariabilityincomputersimulationsisconsiderablysmallerthanindataobtainedfromtheproxyrecords.

9、Thusweneedtobeabletoincludetheseinourdeliberations.

10、Somecurrentanalysesconcludethatvolcanoesandsolaractivityexplainquiteaconsiderableamountoftheobservedvariabilityintheperiodfromtheseventeenthtotheearlytwentiethcenturies,butthattheycannotbeinvokedtoexplaintherapidwarminginrecentdecades.

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11、Populationscannotgrowunlesstheruraleconomycanproduceenoughadditionalfoodtofeedmorepeople.

12、MuchofthepotentialforEuropeaneconomicdevelopmentlayinwhatatfirstglancewouldseemtohavebeenonlysleepyvillages.

13、Membersofpoorpeasantfamiliesspunorwoveclothandlinensathomeforscantremunerationinanattempttosupplementmeagerfamilyincome.

14、Onlyironsmeltingandminingrequiredmarshalingasignificantamountofcapital（wealthinvestedtocreatemorewealth）.

15、Billsofexchange,whichhadtheiroriginsinmedievalItaly,werepromissorynotes（writtenpromisestopayaspecifiedamountofmoneybyacertaindate）thatcouldbesoldtothirdparties.

16、Merchantsnolongerhadtocarrygoldandsilveroverlong,dangerousjourneys.

17、TheexchangerwouldthensendabillofexchangetoacolleagueinMarseille,authorizingthecolleaguetopaytheMarseillemerchantinthemerchant'sowncurrencyaftertheactualexchangeofgoodshadtakenplace.

18、Billsofexchangecontributedtothedevelopmentofbanks,asexchangersbegantoprovideloans.

19、Notuntiltheeighteenthcentury,however,didsuchbanksastheBankofAmsterdamandtheBankofEnglandbegintoprovidecapitalforbusinessinvestment.

20、Theirprincipalfunctionwastoprovidefundsforthestate.

三、分词

TPO10-reading-passage1

1、Theceramicsfallintothreebroadtypes—earthenware,stoneware,andporcelain—forvessels,architecturalitemssuchasrooftiles,andmodeledobjectsandfigures.

2、DuringtheSixDynastiesperiod（AD265-589）,kilnsinnorthChinawereproducinghigh-firedceramicsofgoodquality.

3、WhitewaresproducedinHebeiandHenanprovincesfromtheseventhtothetenthcenturiesevolvedintothehighlyprizedporcelainsoftheSongdynasty（AD.960-1279）,longregardedasoneofthehighpointsinthehistoryofChina'sceramicindustry.

4、Ceramicproductsalsoincludelead-glazedtombmodelsoftheHandynasty,three-colorlead-glazedvesselsandfiguresoftheTangdynasty,andMingthree-colortempleornaments,inwhichthemotifswereoutlinedinaraisedtrailofslip—aswellasthemanyburialceramicsproducedinimitationofvesselsmadeinmaterialsofhigherintrinsicvalue.

5、TradebetweentheWestandthesettledandprosperousChinesedynastiesintroducednewformsanddifferenttechnologies.

6、Soadmiredwerethesepiecesthattheyencouragedthedevelopmentofearthenwaremadeinimitationofporcelainandinstigatedresearchintothemethodoftheirmanufacture.

7、FromtheMiddleEasttheChineseacquiredabluepigment—apurifiedformofcobaltoxideunobtainableatthattimeinChina—thatcontainedonlyalowlevelofmanganese.

8、CobaltoresfoundinChinahaveahighmanganesecontent,whichproducesamoremutedblue-graycolor.

9、Intheseventeenthcentury,thetradingactivitiesoftheDutchEastIndiaCompanyresultedinvastquantitiesofdecoratedChineseporcelainbeingbroughttoEurope,whichstimulatedandinfluencedtheworkofawidevarietyofwares,notablyDelft.

10、JustaspainteddesignsonGreekpotsmayseemtodaytobepurelydecorative,whereasinfacttheywerecarefullyandpreciselyworkedoutsothatatthetime,theirmeaningwasclear,soitiswithChinesepots.

11、OnlywhenEuropeandecorativethemeswereintroduceddidthesemeaningsbecomeobscuredorevenlost.

12、Fromearlytimespotswereusedinbothreligiousandsecularcontexts.

13、Theimperialcourtco