Chapter One Style and Stylistics供参习.docx
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ChapterOneStyleandStylistics供参习
ChapterOneStyleandStylistics
•E.g.
(1)
•“Takeanegg,andmakeaperforationinthebaseandacorrespondingoneintheapex.Andthen,applythelipstotheaperture,andbyforciblyinhalingthebreath,theshellisentirelydischargedofitscontents.”
•“Itfairbeatsallhowfolksdothingsnowadays.WhenIwasagal,theymadeaholeineachendandsucked.”
•E.g.
(2)
•
(1)Mybelovedparenthasjoinedtheheavenlychoir.
•
(2)Mydearfatherhaspassedaway.
•(3)Myfatherhasdied.
•(4)Myoldmanhaskickedthebucket.
I.ConceptsofStyle
(1)Aperson’sdistinctivelanguagehabits,orthesetofindividualcharacteristicsoflanguageuse
e.g.Hemingway’sstyle
HenryJames’sstyle
MarkTwain’sstyle
(2).Someorallofthelanguagehabitssharedbyagroupofpeopleatonetime,oroveraperiodoftime.
e.g.Elizabethanstyle
thestyleoflegaldocument
thestyleofnewsreporting
(3).Acharacteristicof“good”or“beautiful”literarywritings.
e.g.ornatestyle
tersestyle
plainstyle
(4)Stylemayrefertotheeffectivenessofamodeofexpression,whichisimpliedinthedefinitionofstyleas‘sayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway’or‘goodmanners’,asa‘clear’or‘refined’styleadvocatedinmostbooksofcomposition.
Definitionofstyle
•wewillseesomemostinfluentialandrepresentativeviewsofstyle.(英语文体学要略p11)
•Styleasform.(Aristotle)(formandcontent)
•Styleaseloquence.(Cicero)(skilltouselanguagepersuasively)(therelationwithrhetoric)
•Styleistheman.(Buffon)
•Styleaspersonalidiosyncrasy.(Murry)
•Sayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway.(Enkvist)
•Styleasthechoicebetweenalternativeexpressions.(Enkvist)
•Styleasequivalence.(RomanJacobson)(betweenformandfunction)
•Styleasforegrounding.(LeechMukarovsky)
•Styleasdeviation.(Mukarovsky&Spitzer)
•Styleasprominence.(Halliday)
•Styleastheselectionsfeaturespartlydeterminedbythedemandsofgenre,form,themes,etc.(Traugott&Pratt)
•Styleaslinguisticfeaturesthatcommunicateemotionsandthought.(Enkvist)(见教材:
P5-7)
•Mannerindicatingprominentlinguisticfeatures,devicesorpatterns,most(orleast)frequentlyoccurinaparticulartextofaparticularvarietyoflanguage.
•Themannerofexpressioninwritingorspeakingwhichchangesatalltimesaccordingtotheactualsituationalelements,e.g.,theparticipants,time,place,topic,etc,ofthecommunicativeevent,fromveryformaltoveryinformal.(见教材P5)
•e.g.(Afteraquarrelbetweenthetwolovers)
Withaflowofwords,shestartedtoarguewithhim,thenshecheckedherselfandsaidcalmly,“Listen,John,Iimagineyou’retiredofmycompany.There’snosenseinhavingteatogether.IthinkI’dbetterleaveyourighthere.”
“That’sfine,”hesaid.“Goodafternoon.”
“Good-bye.”
•文体的理解虽说众说纷纭,但在当今比较有影响的文体理论主要有三种:
把文体看做选择,包括对意义何语言形式的选择;而是变异说,把文体视为变异,即语言在常规的基础上产生的意义及形式的变化;三是突出说,把文体看做突出,或者称为前景化,指特定的语言成分在其他部分或者说是背景的衬托下得到突出或强调。
这一理论跟变异有很大的联系,影响深远。
II.ConceptsofStylistics
1.Stylisticsisadisciplinethatstudiesthewaysinwhichlanguageisused;itisadisciplinethatstudiesthestylesoflanguageinuse.
2.Stylisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichappliesthetheoryandmethodologyofmodernlinguisticstothestudyofstyle.
•3.D.Crystal:
Linguisticsistheacademicdisciplinethatstudieslanguagescientifically,andstylistics,asapartofthisdiscipline,studiescertainaspectsoflanguagevariation.
-----InvestigatingEnglishStyle
•4.G.N.Leech:
Stylisticsisalinguisticapproachtoliterature,explainingtherelationbetweenlanguageandartisticfunction,withmotivatingquestionssuchas“why”and“how”morethan“what”.
----StyleinFiction:
ALinguisticGuidetoEnglishPoetry
●5.Stylisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofsituationally-distinctiveusesoflanguage,withparticularreferencetoliterarylanguage,andtriestoestablishprinciplescapableofaccountingfortheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualsandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage.
E.g.Housewifetomilkman:
•a.Canyouleaveonebottleandfouryoghurtstomorrowplease?
•b.Leaveonebottleandfouryoghurtstomorrowanddon’tforget.
•c.Itwouldbegreatlyappreciatedifyoukindlyleaveonebottleandfouryoghurtstomorrow.
•d.Wouldyouleaveonebottleandfouryoghurtstomorrow,justforme.
6.Stylisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesstyleinascientificandsystematicwayconcerningthemanners/linguisticfeaturesofdifferentvarietiesoflanguageatdifferentlevels.(见教材P8)
FourLevelsofLinguisticDescription
•Thelevelofphonology/graphology
•Theleveloflexis
•Thelevelofsyntax/grammar
•Thelevelofsemantics
•Whatisthemainpurposeofstylistics?
•
(1)toanalyzelanguagehabits----toidentify,fromthegeneralmass,thosefeaturesrestrictedtocertainkindsofsocialcontext;
•
(2)toexplainwhyandsuchfeatureshavebeenusedasopposedtoothers;
•(3)toclassifythesefeaturesintocategoriesbaseduponaviewoftheirfunctioninthesocialcontext.
•By“features”wemeanparticularchoiceofwords,sequenceofwords,orwayofutterance,so-calledstylisticallydistinctivefeatures.
III.TheScopeofStudies
LiteraryStylistics
GeneralStylistics
•Literarystylistics:
concentratingontheuniquefeaturesofvariousliteraryworks,suchaspoem,novel,prose,drama…
•Generalstylistics:
concentratingonthegeneralfeaturesofvarioustypesoflanguageuse,includingliterarydiscoursesandotherpracticalstyles.
IV.Abriefintroductiontothedevelopmentofstylistics(见教材P9-12)
•Rhetoric(Aristotle)
•Beginning(CharlesBally)
•Development
(L.Spitzer)
•Flourish(InvestigatingEnglishStyle)
V.TheNeedForStylisticStudy(见教材P5)
•
(1)Styleisanintegralpartofmeaning.
•Withoutthesenseofstylewecannotarriveatabetterunderstandingofanutterance.
•e.g.Policeman:
What’syourname,boy?
•Blackpsychiatrist:
DrPoussaint.I’maphysician.
•Policeman:
What’syourfirstname,boy?
•Blackpsychiatrist:
Alvin.
(2)Stylisticstudyhelpscultivateasenseofappropriateness
*Whospeakswhatlanguagetowhomandwhen
*Properwordsinproperplacesmakethetruedefinitionofastyle.
--Swift
•First,acertainstyleisdeterminedbythecharacteristicsoftheUSERoflanguage,suchastheage,sex,education,socio-regionalorethnicbackground.
•Second,it’srelatedtothecharacteristicsoftheUSEoflanguageinsituation:
#role-relationshipbetweenaddresserandaddressee(degreeofintimacy)
#mediumofcommunication(speechorwriting)
#setting:
privateorpublic
#purposeforwhichlanguageisused
(toinform,persuade…)
ForExample:
(1)
DearSir,Imustapologizeforthedelayinreplyingtoyourletterofthe30thofDecember…
(2)DearJane,I’mterriblysorrynottohavegotroundtowritingbeforenow…
(3)
•Whenhisdaddied,Peterhadtogetanotherjob.
•Afterhisfather’sdeath,Peterhadtochangehisjob.
•Onthedeceaseofhisfather,Mr.Brownwasobligedtoseekalternativeemployment.
Otherexamplesaretheuseoftaboowordsorslangyexpressioninanotherwisedignifiedcontext:
E.g.Inordertogetaheadinthemodernwesternworld,sometimesyouhavetobewillingtoeatshit.
•E.g.Intheopinionofmanystudents,thedean‘scommencementaddressstank(tobeveryunpleasantorbad).
•E.g.Havinglearntthatyouwonthefirstprizeinthespeechcontest,Ihavecomeinpersontocongratulateyou,myfriend,onyoursuccess.
(Thissentencewouldsoundmostbookishifspokenonaninformaloccasion.)
•Evensynonymshavetheirvaryingstylisticovertones.
•E.g.
(1)steed(poetic);horse(general);nag(slang);gee-gee(babylanguage)
(2)domicile(veryformal,official);residence(formal);abode(poetic);home(general)
(3)cast(literary,biblical);throw(general);chuck(casual,slang)
•(4)diminutive(veryformal);tiny(colloquial);wee(colloquial,dialectal)
•美国著名社会语言学家D.H.Hymes认为语言交际能力包括语法上的正确性、形式上的可行性、现实中的真实性和场合上的得体性。
•如何说话才得体呢?
要想说话得体,不但要注意说话场合,还要考虑对方的年龄、身份、受教育程度、与说话人的亲疏关系、东西方文化差异等因素。
•
(1)场合:
Languageislikedress.Wevaryourdresstosuittheoccasion.Wedonotappearatafriend’ssilverweddinganniversaryingardeningclothes,nordowegopuntingontheriverinadinnerjacket.
•
(2).年龄
•Excuseme,couldyoupleasetellmehowtogetto...?
•Excuseme,isthistherightwayto...?
•Excuseme,wouldyoupossibly(orbyanychance)beabletotellmehowtogetto...?
•(3).身份。
请看下面两例:
•Thepolicemansaidtothejudge,“Iapprehendedtheallegedperpetrator.”(那警察对法官说:
“我逮捕了那个犯罪嫌疑人。
”)
•Inabarthepolicemansaidtohiscolleagues,“Icollaredthiscreep.”(在酒吧那个警察对同事说:
“我揪住了这个兔崽子。
”)
•(4).受教育育程度。
说话要看对方的教育程度。
如果对方文化程度很低或根本就没受过教育,对他讲话时你必须用一般的口语体。
反之,如果对方是一位学者,如果你用俚语跟他说话,也会令其不快。
请看下面一段对话,谈话的一方是书生气十足的作家,言谈中使用的均是专业术语、难词和文绉绉的词。
而另一方则是一位农夫,说的都是浅显易懂的家常话。
•“Youfindthenettles(荨麻)verydifficulttoeradicate(拔除)?
”(Thepeasantsaidhefoundthemhardtokeepdown.)
•“Theydisseminate(散播)themselvesmostluxuriantly(茂盛地),”thewritersaid.(Thepeasantrepliedthattheyspreadlikethedickens.)
•“ButtheyhavetheirutilityintheeconomyofNature,”thewritersaid.
•Thepeasantrepliedthatnaturewaswelcometothemasfarashewasconcerned.
•Thewriterthenremarkedthatitwasmostsalubrious(宜人的)weather,andthepeasantagreedthatithadbeenafineday.Butthewriterwasafraid,hesaid,thatthearidity(干旱)oftheseasonwasdeleterious(有害的)tothecrops,andthepeasantrepliedthathispotatoesweredoingbadly.Afterthat.thepeasantthought,itoccurredtohimthattheydidnotspeakthesamelanguage.
•(5).与说话人的亲疏关系。
•请看下面几句话,它们表达的是同一个意思,即说话人想要借对