汽车变速器变速箱外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译.docx

汽车变速器变速箱外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译.docx

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汽车变速器变速箱外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译

TRANSMISSION

Ofalltransmissiontechnologies,themanualgearboxisthemostefficient;around96percentoftheenergythatisputincomesoutoftheotherend.Butnoteveryonecandriveoneorwantsto.Becauseyouhavetodiptheclutchpedal,itislesscomfortabletodriveinheavytraffic.Itmakesthedrivertiredandthetorqueinterruptions’head-nodeffectonpassengerscanbewearing.

Thedriver'sclutchcontrolandcorrespondingtorqueinterruptionsarealsothemanualsweakpoint.Whenacceleratingupthroughthegearbox,eachup-shiftrequiresthedrivertocutthetorquemomentarilybyliftingthegaspedalanddippingtheclutch.Itmayjusttakeasecondtocompletetheoperation,butduringthistimethevehicleislosingspeedandacceleration.

Attheoppositeendofthespectrumisthetraditionalautomatic.Themoderntransmissionisbyfar,themostcomplicatedmechanicalcomponentintoday’sautomobile.Itisatypeoftransmissionthatshiftsitself.Afluidcouplingortorqueconverterisusedinsteadofamanuallyoperatedclutchtoconnectthetransmissiontotheengine.

Therearetwobasictypesofautomatictransmissionsbasedonwhether

thevehicleisrearwheeldrive.Onarearwheeldrivecar,thetransmissionisusuallymountedtothebackoftheengineandislocatedunderthehumpinthecenterofthefloorboardalongsidethegaspedalposition.Adriveshaftconnectstherearofthetransmissiontothefinaldrivewhichislocatedintherearaxleandisusedtosendpowertotherearwheel.Powerflowonthissystemissimpleandstraightforwardgoingfromtheengine,throughthetorqueconverter,thenthroughthetransmissionanddrivershaftuntilitreachesthefinaldriverwhereitissplitandsenttothetworearwheel.

Onafrontwheeldrivecar,thetransmissionisusuallycombined.Withthefinaldrivetofromwhatiscalledatransaxle.Theengineonafrontwheeldrivercarisusuallymountedsidewaysinthecarwiththetransaxletuckedunderitonthesideoftheenginefacingtherearofthecar.Frontaxlesareconnecteddirectlytothetransaxleandprovidepowertothefrontwheels.Inthisexample,powerflowsfromtheenginethroughthetorqueconvertertoalargechainthatsendsthepowerthrougha180degreeturntothetransmissionthatisalongsidetheengine.Fromthere，Thepowerisroutedthroughthetransmissiontothefinaldrivewhereitissplitandsenttothetwofrontwheelsthroughthedriveaxles.

Thereareanumberofotherarrangementsincludingfrontdrivevehicleswheretheengineismountedfronttobackinsteadofsidewaysandthereareothersystemsthatdriveallfourwheelsbutthetwosystemsdescribedherearebyfarthemostpopular.Amustlesspopularreardrivearrangementhasthetransmissionmountedtothefinaldriveattherearandisconnectedbyadriveshafttothetorqueconverterwhichisstillmountedontheengine.Thissystemisfoundonthenewcorvetteandisusedinordertobalancetheweightevenlybetweenthefrontandrearwheelsforimprovedperformanceandhandling.Anotherreardrivesystemmountseverything,theengine,transmissionandfinaldriveintherear.ThisrearenginearrangementispopularonthePorsche.

Themodernautomatictransmissionconsistsofmanycomponentsandsystemsthataredesignedtoworktogetherinasymphonyofplanetarygearsets,thehydraulicsystem,sealsandgaskets,thetorqueconverter,thegovernorandthemodulatororthrottlecableandcomputerconsiderbeinganartform.

Ontheautomobileplanetgearmainlyusesintwoplaces,oneisthedrivingaxlereductiongear,twoistheautomatictransmission.Verymanynetfriendsallwanttoknowthat,theplanetgearhasanyfunction,whyautomobilemusthaveit

.Weknewverywellthegearmajorpartallrotatesthespoolthreadfixedgear.Forexamplemechanicaltypeclockandwatch,aboveallgearsalthoughallinmaketherotation,buttheirrotationcenter（withcenterofacirclepositionsuperposition）ofteninstallsthroughthebearingonthecabinet,therefore,theirrotatingaxisallistherelativecabinetfixed,thusalsoiscalled"deadaxlegear"

.Hasmusthavesurelymoves,thecorrespondingplace,somekindofnotthatmannerknowsverywelliscalled"planetgear"thegear,theirrotationspoolthreadisnotfixed,butisinstallsthesupportwhichmayrotatein（bluecolor）on（inchartblackpartisshell,yellowexpressionbearing）.Theplanetgear（green）besidescanlooklikethedeadaxlegearsuchtorevolveownrotatingaxis（B-B）torotate,theirrotatingaxisalso（iscalledplanet）alongwiththebluecolorsupporttocircleothergearsthespoolthread（A-A）torotate.Circlesoneselfspoolthreadtherotationtobecalled"rotation",circlesothergearspoolthreadstherotationtobecalled"revolution",lookslikeinsolarsystemplanetsuch,thereforeacquiresfame.

Thespoolthreadfixedgeardriveprincipleisverysimple,meshesmutuallyinapairinthegear,somegeartakesthedrivingpulley,thepowerspreadsfromitsthere,anothergeartakesthedrivenwheel,thepoweroutputsfromittowardoutside.Alsosomegearsonlytakethestopoverstation,atthesametimemesheswiththedrivingpulley,onesidemeshesinadditionwiththedrivenwheel,thepowerpassesfromitsthere.

Incontainstheplanetgearinthegearsystem,thesituationwasdifferent.Becausehastheplanetframe,inotherwords,mayhavethreerotatingaxespermissionspowerinput/Output,butalsomayusethecouplingorthebrakeandsoonmethod.inneedstimelimitsaxistherotation,isleftovertwoaxestocarryonthetransmission,asthematterstands,meshesmutuallybetweenthegearrelationsmayhavethemanykindsofcombinations:

Thepowerfromsungearinput,outputsfromothersungear,theplanetputthroughbrakemechanismhascheckeddies;Powerfromsungearinput,fromplanetoutput,moreoverasungearecksdies;Thepowerfromaplanetinput,outputsfromsungear,moreoverasungearchecksdies;Twopowersseparatelyfromtwosungearsinputs,aftersynthesisfromplanetoutput;Twopowersseparatelyfromtheplanetandsungearinput,afterthesynthesisoutputfromothersungear;Thepowerfromsungearinput,dividestwogroupsoutputsfromothersungearandtheplanetframe;Thepowerfromaplanetinput,dividestwogroupstooutputfromtwosungears;

Itsshiftqualityisgoodthankstoitstorqueconverter,butefficiencyisrelativelypoordespiterecentadvances.Becauseofthis,alotofthecurrentresearchistryingtofindanefficientalternativetotheconventionalautomatic.

Themaintechnologiesarecontinuouslyvariabletransmissions（CVTs）;dualclutchtransmissions（DCTs）andautomatedmanualtransmission（AMTs）.Theyallofferdifferentbenefitsovertheconventionalplanetaryautomatic.

TheCVTusesabeltchainortorodialshapeddishdrivetovaryaninfinitenumberofgearratios.Ithasimprovedefficiencyandcostwhencomparedtoconventionalautomatics.Itsadvantagecomesfromitssimplicity.Itconsistsofveryfewcomponents；usuallyarubberormetal-linkbelt；ahydraulicallyoperateddrivingpulley,amechanicaltorque-sensingdrivingpulley,microprocessorsandsomesensors.

Thetransmissionworksbyvaryingthedistancebetweenthefaceofthetwomainpulleys.ThepulleyshaveV－shapedgroovesinwhichtheconnectingthebeltrides.Onesideofthepulleyisfixedaxially;theothersidemoves,actuatedbyhydraulics.

Whenactuated,thecylindercanincreaseorreducetheamountofspacebetweenthetwosidesofthepulley.Thisallowsthebelttoridelowerorhigheralongthewallsofthepulley,dependingondrivingconditions.Thischangesthegearratio.Atorodial-typedesignworksinasimilarwaybutrunsandiscsandpower-rollers

The"stepless"natureofitsdesignisCVT'sbiggestdrawforautomotiveengineers.Becauseofthis,aCVTcanworktokeeptheengineinitsoptimumpowerrange,therebyincreasingefficiencyandmileage.ACVTcanconverteverypointontheequine’soperatingcurvetoacorrespondingpointonitsownoperatingcurve.

ThetransmissionismostpopularwithJapanesecarmakersandJapanesesupplierJATCOisamajorproducer.ButintheUSandEuropedrivingstylesaredifferent.UptakehasbeenslowdespiteAudiandothermanufacturershavingOfferedCVToperationsontheirranges.

TheDCTis,ineffect,twomanualgearboxescoupledtogether.Gearshiftsaremadebyswitchingfromoneclutchononegearboxtoanotherclutchontheother.Theshiftqualityisequaltoaconventionalautomatic,butslip,fluiddragandhydrauliclossesinthesystemresultinonlyslightlyimprovedefficiencyandaccelerationovertheconventionalplanetaryautomatic.Developingthecontrolstrategyiscostlytoo.

"ResentadvancesinconventionalautomatictechnologyhaveweakenedtheargumenttodevelopandsetupproductionforCVTorDCT,"saysBillMartin,managingdirectoroftransmissionfirmZeroshift"SomecarmakershavecancelledDCTprojectsbecauseofthecost."

ThecheapestwaytobuildanautomaticiswithanAMT.AMTsuseactuatorstoreplacetheclutchpedalandgearstickofaconventionalmanual.Theykeepthehighefficiencyandaccelerationofamanualgearbox,buttheshiftqualityonsomemodelsislacking.Torqueinterruptionsandthehead-nodeffectarethemostcommoncomplaint.

SOwhatisthealternative?

Therearealwaysnewideasintransmissions,butZeroshiftsaysthatitstechnologyhasefficiencybenefitsoveramanual,deliveringfueleconomyimprovementstocitydriving.Shiftqualitycanalsobeequaltothatofarefinedautomatic.

Zeroshift'sapproachisanupgradetotheAMT.Thesynchromeshisreplacedwithan