美国文学简史复习纲要.docx

美国文学简史复习纲要.docx

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美国文学简史复习纲要

美国文学简史复习纲要

 ColonialPeriod殖民时期 （1600s-1790s）

 AmericanPuritanism美国清教主义：

self-examination/self-improvement

I.                  JonathanEdwards（1703-1758）：

Calvinist加尔文教徒

II.               BenjaminFranklin本杰明富兰克林 （1706-1790）

（1）      PoorRichard’sAlmanac

（2）      TheAutobiography自传

 EarlyAmericanRomanticism早期美国浪漫主义时期（1800s-1840s）

1.        features

（1）      Asalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactorsatwork,Americanromanticismwasboth imitativeandindependent.

II.               WashingtonIrving华盛顿欧文 （1783-1859）

1.        severalnamesattachedtoIrving

（1）      firstAmericanwriter

（2）      themessengersentfromthenewworldtotheoldworld

（3）      fatherofAmericanliterature美国文学之父

2.        works

（1）      TheSketchBook见闻札记:

 RipVanWinkle, TheLegendofSleepyHollow

III.            JamesFenimoreCooper库柏 （1789-1851）

1.        works

（1）      LeatherstockingTales皮袜子故事集 :

TheDeerslayer,TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePathfinder,ThePioneer,ThePrairie

2.        literaryachievements

Cooper’s LeatherstockingTaleseffectivelyapproximatestheAmericannationalexperienceofadventureintotheWest.HeturnedthewestandfrontierasauseablepastandhehelpedtointroducewesterntraditiontoAmericanliterature.

SummitofRomanticism– NewEnglandTranscendentalism/AmericanRenaissance新英格兰超验主义---美国浪漫主义鼎盛时期（1840s-）

I.                  Appearance提出 1836,“Nature”byEmerson爱默生、《论自然》

II.               Features

1.        spirit/oversoul

2.        importanceofindividualism

3.        nature–symbolofspirit/God

4.        focusinintuition（irrationalismandsubconsciousness）

III.            Influence

1.        IthelpedtocreatethefirstAmericanrenaissance美国文学复兴 –oneofthemostprolificperiodinAmericanliterature、independentAmericanculture.

IV.             RalphWaldoEmerson（1802-1882）

1.        works

（1）      Nature—themanifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism.《论自然》的发表是美国超验主义出现的标志。

（2）       TheAmericanScholar《美国学者》regardedasthe“DeclarationofIntellectualIndependence”.

V.                HenryDavidThoreau亨利大卫梭罗（1817-1862）

（1）      Walden瓦尔登湖 “Simplicity…simplify!

”

（2）      APleaforJohnBrown（anessay）：

Hehatedthehumaninjusticeasrepresentedbythe slaverysystem.

 LateRomanticism浪漫主义后期

I.                  NathanielHawthorne（1804-1864）

1.        works

（1）      TheScarletLetter红字：

 HesterPrynne女主人公、ArthurDimmesdale通奸的牧师、RogerChillingworth化名的丈夫、Pearl女儿

2.        pointofview

（1）      Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife,“thatblacknessinHawthorne”

（2）      Wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevilcanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration（causality）.

3.        style–typicalromanticwriter

II.               HermanMelville（1819-1891）

MobyDick白鲸

RomanticPoets

I.                  WaltWhitman沃尔特惠特曼（1819-1892）

1.        work:

 LeavesofGrass （9editions）草叶集

（1）      SongofMyself自我之歌

（2）      WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom’d 为纪念林肯总统而写

（3）      IHearAmericasinging

2.        style:

“freeverse”自由诗体

3.        influence

（1）      HisbestworkhasbecomepartofthecommonpropertyofWesternculture.

（2）      HehasbeencomparedtoamountaininAmericanliteraryhistory.

II.               EmilyDickinson艾米丽迪金森（1830-1886）

1.        works

（1）      MyLifeClosedTwicebeforeItsClose

（2）      BecauseICan’tStopforDeath

（3）      IHeardaFlyBuzz–WhenIdied

2.        themes:

basedonherownexperiences/joys/sorrows

3.        style

（1）      poemswithouttitles

（2）      directness,brevity

（3）      capitalletters–emphasis

（4）      shortpoems,mainlytwostanzas

III.            Comparison:

Whitmanvs.Dickinson

1.        Similarities:

（1）      Thematically,theybothextolled,intheirdifferentways,anemergentAmerica,itsexpansion,itsindividualismanditsAmericanness,theirpoetrybeingpartof“AmericanRenaissance”.

（2）      Technically,theybothaddedtotheliteraryindependenceofthenewnationbybreakingfreeoftheconventionoftheiambicpentameterandexhibitingafreedominformunknownbefore:

theywerepioneersinAmericanpoetry.

2.        differences:

（1）      Whitmanseemstokeephiseyeonsocietyatlarge;Dickinsonexplorestheinnerlifeoftheindividual.

（2）      WhereasWhitmanis“national”inhisoutlook,Dickinsonis“regional”.

（3）      Dickinson hasthe“cataloguetechnique”（direct,simplestyle）whichWhitmandoesn’thave.

EdgarAllenPoe埃德加爱伦坡（）

I.                  Works

1.        shortstories

（1）      detectivestories推理小说和侦探小说之父

a.       MsFoundinaBottle瓶中手稿

b.       TheMurdersintheRueMorgue莫格街杀人案

（2）      Revenge,deathandrebirth、gothicnovels哥特小说

a.       TheFalloftheHouseofUsher亚舍古屋的倒塌

（3）      Literarytheory

a.       ThePoeticPrinciple：

最诗意的莫过于美丽女人的早逝

b.       Poems:

 TheRaven乌鸦、 AnnabelLee安娜贝尔李

II.               Themes:

 “Poeisnotinterestedinanythingalive.EverythinginPoe’swritingsisdead.”.horror.

III.            Style–traditional,butnoteasytoread

 TheAgeofRealism现实主义时期：

内战（1861-1865）--一战

I.                  Background:

FromRomanticismtoRealism

1.        1880’surbanization:

fromfreecompetitiontomonopolycapitalism

2.        theclosingofAmericanfrontier

II.               ThreeGiantsinRealisticPeriod

1.        WilliamDeanHowells（1837--1920） –“DeanofAmericanRealism”

（1）      Realisticprinciples：

habitualmoods/motives

（2）      Works:

  TheRiseofSilasLapham

2.        HenryJames（1843-1916）

a.       theme:

 internationaltheme

●  DaisyMiller

●  ThePortraitofaLady

●  TheAmbassadors大使：

Strether主人公

●  TheWingsoftheDove

●  TheGoldenBowl

（1）      Pointofview

a.       Psychologicalanalysis, forefatherofstreamofconsciousness

b.       Psychologicalrealism

c.      Highly-refinedlanguage

3.        MarkTwain （seenextsection）

LocalColorism

1860s,1870s~1890s

●  HamlinGarland:

CrumblingIdols

●  BretHarte:

TheLuckofRoaringCamp

●  KateChopin–TheAwakening觉醒

I.                  MarkTwain（1835-1910） –Mississippi

1.        SamuelLanghorneClemens真名

2.        works

（1）      TheGildedAge镀金时代

（2）      TheadvantagesofHuckleberryFinn :

Jim、raft木筏

（3）      TheAdventuresofTomSawyer

（4）      LifeontheMississippi

3.        style

（1）      colloquialstyle,vernacularlanguage,dialects口语方言的运用

（2）      localcolour

（3）      humour

（4）      socialcriticism（satireonthedifferentuglythingsinsociety）

II.               Comparisonofthethree“giants”ofAmericanRealism

1.        Theme

Howells–middleclass

James–upperclass

Twain–lowerclass

2.        Technique

Howells–smiling/genteelrealism

James–psychologicalrealism

Twain–localcolourismandcolloquialism

 AmericanNaturalism美国自然主义

I.                  Background

1.        Darwin’stheory:

“naturalselection”

2.        Spenser’sidea:

“socialDarwinism”

3.        FrenchNaturalism:

Zora

II.               Features

1.        environmentandheredity

2.        generaltone:

hopelessness,despair,gloom,uglysideofthesociety

III.            significance

Itpreparesthewayforthewritingof1920s’“lostgeneration”andT.S.Eliot.

IV.             StephenCrane:

  Maggie：

AGirloftheStreets、 TheRedBadgeofCourage

V.                FrankNorris:

  McTeague、 TheOctopus [railway]

VI.             TheodoreDreiser:

  SisterCarrie、 AnAmericanTragedy

VII.          JackLondon:

 MartinEden

TheModernPeriod

The1920s:

 Roaring20s、JazzAge

The1920sisafloweringperiodofAmericanliterature.Itisconsidered“thesecondrenaissance”ofAmericanliterature.（第一次是超验主义）

Background：

FirstWorldWar–“awartoendallwars”一战

Imagism（1908-1917）

I.Background

       ImagismwasinfluencedbyFrenchsymbolism,ancientChinesepoetryandJapaneseliterature“haiku”

II.       Development:

threestages

1.        1908~1909:

London,Hulme

2.        1912~1914:

England->America,EzraPound

3.        1914~1917:

AmyLowell

III.      Whatisan“image”?

      AnimageisdefinedbyPoundasthatwhichpresentsanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime,“avortexorclusteroffusedideas”“endowedwithenergy”.Theexactwordmustbringtheeffectoftheobjectbeforethereaderasithadpresenteditselftothepoet’smindatthetimeofwriting.           

VI.      EzraPound（1885-1972）

1.        works

（1）     InaStationoftheMetro

（2）     Cantos：

“theintellectualdiarysince1915”

（3）     HughSelwynMauberley

2.        Contribution

Heisregardedasthe fatherofmodernAmericanpoetry.

VII.     T.S.Eliot

1.        works

● TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock

● TheWasteLand （epic）

● FourQuarters

● MurderintheCathedral （play）

2.        Principle:

 objectivecorrelative客观对应物

VIII.       WallaceStevens（1879-1955）:

 AnecdoteoftheJar、 TheEmperorofIce-Cream

IX.             WilliamCarlosWilliams（1883-1963）:

 TheRedWheelbarrow、SpringandAll、 Paterson

X.                RobertFrost（1874-1963）:

 在总统就职典礼上朗诵自己的诗歌 nation’sunofficialPoetLaureate

1.        works–poems

NorthofBoston:

 TheRoadNotTaken、StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening、PickingApples

style/featuresofhispoems

（1）      Mostofhispoemstook NewEngland assetting,andthesubjectswerechosenfromdailylifeofordinarypeople.

（2）      Althoughhewaspopularduring1920s,hedidn’texperimentlikeothermodernpoets.Heused conventionalforms,plainlanguage, traditionalmetre,andwroteinapasturedtradition.

IX.CarlSandburg（1878-1967）:

 ChicagoPoems、 Fog   “thewordofthepeople”

E.E.Cummings（1894-1963）:

“ajugglerwithsyntax,grammaranddiction”–individualism,“painterpoet”

HartCrane（1899-1932）:

 TheBridge

MarianneMoore:

 TheFish

Novelsinthe1920s

I.                  F.ScottFitzgerald（1896-1940）

1.        works

（1）      ThisSideofParadise

（2）      TheGreatGatsby:

 Daisy、TomBuchanan、NickCarraway

（3）      Tende