托福阅读常用技巧讲义全.docx
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托福阅读常用技巧讲义全
一.准备知识
1.iBT托福阅读理解的形式特点
(1)文章数量:
3-5篇(和听力相对应:
3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子)
(2)文章长度:
650-750词/篇
(3)题目数量:
12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为6选3,7选5或9选7)
(4)测试时间:
20分钟/篇
(5)测试分数:
0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30分)
2.iBT托福阅读的考察重点
(1)主题:
辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:
所有文章都有标题)
(2)细节:
概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪----TRUE?
FALSE?
NOTGIVEN?
Generalstatementideas
Somedetails
(3)词汇:
辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:
认知(一词多义);词汇推断
(4)推断:
根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息
(5)态度:
根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:
WHY目的;HOW手段.
(6)结构:
判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构
托福阅读是以句子为核心的
3.阅读的本质:
(1)获取有效信息
(2)消除阅读障碍
4.文章结构特点
(1)文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体.
Ø结构主体(支撑):
主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句).
Ø细节主体(填充)
(2)文章具体结构如下:
ØIntro:
background(细节)&topic(结构)
ØBody:
sub-topic(结构),analysis(细节)&evidence(细节)
ØConclusion:
topic(结构)
5.快速笔记方法
(1)快速笔记的意义:
Ø辅助思维框架形成
Ø索引功能
(2)快速笔记的内容
Ø结构主体的核心词
Ø时间和数字:
同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为数字
Ø人名\地名\专有名词:
使用首字母标记
Ø举例主体
Ø新概念和核心概念
Ø重要的逻辑关系
(3)快速笔记的简单符号体系
(4)快速笔记的重要性和必要性----阅读中的指导性逻辑(PREDICTING)
(5)好笔记的特点:
Ø笔记中有清晰的逻辑脉络
Ø根据笔记可以对文章进行有效复述
6.阅读和口语的关系:
(1)规范口语的逻辑
(2)提供口语表达的素材
二.阅读方法
1.精读----句子结构分析和解析方法
(1)句子阅读中的障碍
1)定语
Ø前置定语:
adj+n
Ø后置定语:
n+adjphrase形容词短语:
abookusefulforyou
prepphrase介词短语:
apenonthedesk
v-ing/-edphrase分词短语:
apersonwalkingontheroad;atooldevelopedfortheproject
不定式:
awaytosolvetheproblem
注:
✧分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词
✧不定代词只能用后置定语修饰
✧不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方:
sbusethewaytosolvetheproblem
Ø定语从句:
✧关系代词引导定语从句:
that,which,who,whom,whose(其中that,which,who,whom引导的是非完整句,whose引导的是完整句)
✧关系连词:
when,where,why在句子中不作成分,引导的是完整句
✧介词+关系代词:
inwhich,此关系代词不包括what
2)同位语:
同插入语一样处理----删除
ØA,B(定语从句/同位语从句)
ØA,orB
ØAthat+句子(完整句)
ØAofB:
thecityofBeijing
3)状语:
处理方式----隔离
ØAdv副词
ØPrepphrase介词短语
Ø分词短语
Ø不定式
注:
非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是句子的主语
4)并列结构
Ø并列连词的用法:
并列连词连接结构\功能\性质均相同的成分----必须完全对等
5)that引导的各种从句
ØS+V+THAT+句子(完整句)----宾语从句
S+系动词+表语+句子----表语从句
ØIt+Vi+that+句子
It+be+adj+that+句子完整句
That+句子+V
N+that+句子+同位语(完整句)
定语从句(非完整句)
ØS+Vi+that+句子:
Thesunrisesthatisbright.
S+be+adj+that+句子:
Thedeskiscleanthatisusedbythestudent(定语从句);ThefactistruethatTomishandsome(同位语从句).
(2)复杂句的阅读方法----层次化句子阅读法
1)括号匹配
Ø……关联词(完整句)
Ø……(关联词+非完整句)
2)化右括号的条件:
Ø句子终结
Ø连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前
例1:
However,formanyyearsphysiciststhoughtthat(atomandmoleculesalwaysweremuchmorelikelytoemitlightspontaneously)andthat(stimulatedemissionthusalwayswouldbemuchweaker)
例2:
Itappearedthat〔Canadawasoncemorefallinginstepwiththetrendtowardsmallerfamilies(thathadoccurredallthroughtheWesternworldsincethetimeoftheIndustrialRevolution)〕.
例3:
Thehistoryofclinicalnutrition,orthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenhealthandhowthebodytakesinandutilizesfoodsubstances(同位语,删除),canbedividedintofourdistincteras:
thefirstbeganinthenineteenthcenturyandextendedintotheearlytwentiethcentury(whenitwasrecognizedforthefirsttimethat(foodcontainedconstituents(thatwereessentialforhumanfunction))andthat(differentfoodsprovideddifferentamountsoftheseessentialagents).
例4:
Usingtechniquesfirstdevelopedfortheoffshoreoilandgasindustry,theDSDP’sdrillship,theGlomarChallenger(同位语),wasabletomaintainasteadypositionontheocean’ssurfaceanddrillinverydeepwater,extractingsamplesofsedimentsandrockfromtheoceanfloor.
例5:
ThedesperateplightoftheSouthhaseclipsedthefactthat(reconstructionhadtobeundertakenalsoinNorth,thoughlessspectacularly).
例6:
Thetechniqueofdirectcarvingwasabreakwiththenineteenthcenturyinwhich(themakingofaclaymodelwasconsideredthecreativeact)and(theworkwasthenturnedovertostudioassistanttobecastinplasterorbronzeorcarvedinmarble).
例7:
Anyone(whohashandleafossilizedbone)knowsthat(itisusuallynotexactlylikeitsmoderncounterpart),themostobviousdifferencebeingthat(itisoftenmuchheavier)独立主格结构.
例8:
Theimpressivegaininoutput〔stemmedprimarilyfromthewayinwhich(workersmadegoodssince1790’s)〕,NorthAmericanenterpreneurs----evenwithoutthetechnologicalimprovement----hadbroadendedthescopeoftheoutworksystem(thatmademanufacturingmoreefficientbydistributingmaterialstosuccessionofworkers(whoeachperformedasinglestepoftheproductionprocess))
例9:
Thefactthat(artisanss,(whowerelockedonasmechanicsorskilledworkersintheeighteenthcentury),(arefrequentlyconsideredartiststoday)isdirectlyattibutabletotheArtsandCraftsMovementofthenineteenthcentury)
例10:
AfewartcollectorsJamesBowdoinIIIofBoston,WilliamBbyrdofVirginian,andtheAliensabdHamiltonsofPhiladelphia(同位语)introducedEuropeanarttraditionstothosecolonists〔privilegedtovisittheirgalleries,especiallyaspiringartists〕andestablishedintheirrespectivecommunitiestheideaofthevalueofartandtheneedforinstitutions〔devotedtoitsencouragement〕.
(2)倒装句的阅读方法
1)部分倒装处理方法:
把提前的助动词/be动词/情态动词去掉或还原,并按顺序理解.
2)完全倒装的处理方法
Ø构成主语的成分:
名词
代词
The+形容词
不定式
主语从句
动名词
Ø完全倒装的判断流程
例1:
Herein(adv)lay(宾语)thebeginningofwhatultimately(最终)turnedfromignorance(无知)todenialofthevalueofnutritiontherapiesinmedicine(主语).
例2:
Surroundingthecolumnarethreesepalsandthreepetals(主语),sometimeseasilyrecognizableassuch,oftendistortedintogorgeous,weird,butalwaysfunctionalshapes.
例3:
WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWarandtheeconomicboom(thatfollowedit)独立主格,youngpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlierandbegantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression.没有倒装
例4:
BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWar(宾语)isthecountry’simpressivepopulationgrowth(主语).
句子结构:
adj+prep+B+be+A=A+be+adj+prep+B
例5:
Amongthespeciesofseabirds(thatusethewindsweptcliffoftheAtlanticcoastofCanadainthesummertomate,layeggs,andreartheiryoung)arecommonmurres,Atlanticpuffins,black-leggedkittiwakes,andnortherngannets(主语).
句子结构:
AmongA+be+B=B是A的一部分
例6:
Implicitinitisanaestheticprincipleaswell:
(thatthemediumhascertainqualitiesofbeautyandexpressivenesswithwhich(sculptorsmustbringtheirownaestheticsensibilitiesintoharmony)).
例7:
Mostimportantperhaps,wasthat(theyhadallmaintainedwithacertainfidelity(状语)amanneroftechniqueandcompositionconsistentwiththoseofAmerica’sfirstpopularlandscapesartist,ThomasCole,(whobuiltacareerpaintingtheCatskillMountainscenery〔bordingtheHudsonRiver〔)).
句型结构:
S+Vt+prep+n1(介词短语)+n2,Vt的宾语实际上是n2.
例8:
Withtheturn-of-centuryCraftsmovementandthediscoveryofnontraditionalsourcesofinspiration(独立主格),suchaswoodenAfricanfiguresandmasks,therearoseanewurgeforhands-on,personalexecutionofartandaninteractionwiththemedium(主语).
例9:
Accustomedthoughweareto(倒装)speakingofthefilmsmadebefore1927as‘slient’,thefilmhasneverbeenseen,inthefullsenseoftheword,silent.
句型结构:
adj+though+S+be+prep+n=though+S+be+adj+prep+n,仅发生在让步状语从句中.
例10:
Coincidentwithconcernsabouttheacceleratinglossofspeciesandhabitatshasbeenagrowingappreciationoftheimportanceofbiologicaldiversity,thenumberofspeciesinaparticularecosystem(同位语),tothehealthoftheEarthandhumanwell-being(主语).
句型结构:
theimportanceofAtoB=A对B的重要性
例11:
MatchingtheinfluxofforeignimmigrantsintothelargercitiesoftheUnitedStatesduringthelatenineteenthcenturywasadomesticmigration(主语),fromtownandfarmtocity,withintheUnitedStates.
例12:
Indeed,haditnotbeenforthesuperbpreservationofthesefossils(虚拟条件句ifithadnotbeen),theymightwellhavebeenclassifiedasdinosaurs.
(4)强调句的阅读方法
Ø构成:
It+be+强调成分+that/who+其他成分
Ø注意:
把强调结构去掉句子仍然完整\正确的就是强调句.
强调句不强调形容词和代词.
例1:
Itwasjustadecadebeforethis(强调句)thatmanydrugcompanieshadfoundtheirvitaminsalesskyrocketingandwerequicktosupplypracticingphysicianswithgeneroussamplesofvitaminsandliteratureextollingthevirtueofsupplementationforavatietyofhealth-relatedconditions.
例2:
Itwasshe,aBaltimoreprinter,(强调句)whopublishedthefirstofficecopiesoftheDeclaraton,thefirstcopie(thatincludedthenamesofitssingersandthereforeheraldedthesupportofallthirteencolonies).
例3:
Itwasinthecities(强调句)thattheelements(thatcanbeassociatedwithmoderncapitalismfirstappeared-----theuseofmoneyandcommercialpaperinplaceofbarter,opencompetitioninplaceofsocialdeferenceandhierarchy,withanattendantriseinsocialdisorder,andtheappearanceoffactoriesusingcoalorwaterpowerinplaceofindependentcraftspeopleworkingwithhandtools).
2.泛读----快速阅读与有效阅读
(1)阅读中的详略结合-----SKIMMING
1)需要详细阅读的内容
Ø结构主体的内容
Ø非举例性质的概括描述
Ø题目映射回原文的内容
2)可以快速浏览的内容
Ø大量的数据堆砌
Ø明显的举例:
为何而举,举例主体,结束位置
Ø对比\类比读一半
Ø让步\转折读一半(转折以后的那一半)
(2)理解单位扩大和阅读中逻辑的构建----模糊理解理论
1)阅读中的恶习----指读\声读\回读\视角高度过低\二次阅读
2)理解单位和阅读逻辑
Ø加大理解单位,变单词为意群组合----焦点训练法
✓可以合并为意群的成分:
✧副词
✧介词短语
✧分词短语
✧非谓语的不定式
✧主语和谓语或谓语和宾语
✧固定搭配
例:
Generally,inordertobepreservedinthefossilrecord,organismsmustprosesshardbodypartssuchasshellsorbones.Soft,fleshystructuresarequicklydestroyedbypredatorsordecayedbybacteria.Evenhardpartsleftonthesurfaceforcertainlengthoftimewillbedestroyed.Therefore,organismsmustbeburiedrapidlytoescapedestructionbyelementsandtobeprotectedagainstagentsofweatheringanderosion.Marineorganismsthusarebettercandidatesforfossilizationthanthoselivingonthelandbecausetheoceanistypicallythesiteofsedimentation,whereasthelandislargelythesite