托福阅读常用技巧讲义全.docx

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托福阅读常用技巧讲义全.docx

托福阅读常用技巧讲义全

一.准备知识

1.iBT托福阅读理解的形式特点

(1)文章数量:

3-5篇(和听力相对应:

3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子)

(2)文章长度:

650-750词/篇

(3)题目数量:

12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为6选3,7选5或9选7)

(4)测试时间:

20分钟/篇

(5)测试分数:

0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30分)

2.iBT托福阅读的考察重点

(1)主题:

辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:

所有文章都有标题)

(2)细节:

概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪----TRUE?

FALSE?

NOTGIVEN?

Generalstatementideas

Somedetails

(3)词汇:

辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:

认知(一词多义);词汇推断

(4)推断:

根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息

(5)态度:

根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:

WHY目的;HOW手段.

(6)结构:

判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构

托福阅读是以句子为核心的

3.阅读的本质:

(1)获取有效信息

(2)消除阅读障碍

4.文章结构特点

(1)文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体.

Ø结构主体(支撑):

主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句).

Ø细节主体(填充)

(2)文章具体结构如下:

ØIntro:

background(细节)&topic(结构)

ØBody:

sub-topic(结构),analysis(细节)&evidence(细节)

ØConclusion:

topic(结构)

5.快速笔记方法

(1)快速笔记的意义:

Ø辅助思维框架形成

Ø索引功能

(2)快速笔记的内容

Ø结构主体的核心词

Ø时间和数字:

同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为数字

Ø人名\地名\专有名词:

使用首字母标记

Ø举例主体

Ø新概念和核心概念

Ø重要的逻辑关系

(3)快速笔记的简单符号体系

(4)快速笔记的重要性和必要性----阅读中的指导性逻辑(PREDICTING)

(5)好笔记的特点:

Ø笔记中有清晰的逻辑脉络

Ø根据笔记可以对文章进行有效复述

6.阅读和口语的关系:

(1)规范口语的逻辑

(2)提供口语表达的素材

二.阅读方法

1.精读----句子结构分析和解析方法

(1)句子阅读中的障碍

1)定语

Ø前置定语:

adj+n

Ø后置定语:

 n+adjphrase形容词短语:

abookusefulforyou

prepphrase介词短语:

apenonthedesk

v-ing/-edphrase分词短语:

apersonwalkingontheroad;atooldevelopedfortheproject

不定式:

awaytosolvetheproblem

注:

✧分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词

✧不定代词只能用后置定语修饰

✧不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方:

sbusethewaytosolvetheproblem

Ø定语从句:

✧关系代词引导定语从句:

that,which,who,whom,whose(其中that,which,who,whom引导的是非完整句,whose引导的是完整句)

✧关系连词:

when,where,why在句子中不作成分,引导的是完整句

✧介词+关系代词:

inwhich,此关系代词不包括what

2)同位语:

同插入语一样处理----删除

ØA,B(定语从句/同位语从句)

ØA,orB

ØAthat+句子(完整句)

ØAofB:

thecityofBeijing

3)状语:

处理方式----隔离

ØAdv副词

ØPrepphrase介词短语

Ø分词短语

Ø不定式

注:

非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是句子的主语

4)并列结构

Ø并列连词的用法:

并列连词连接结构\功能\性质均相同的成分----必须完全对等

5)that引导的各种从句

ØS+V+THAT+句子(完整句)----宾语从句

S+系动词+表语+句子----表语从句

ØIt+Vi+that+句子

It+be+adj+that+句子完整句

That+句子+V

N+that+句子+同位语(完整句)

定语从句(非完整句)

ØS+Vi+that+句子:

Thesunrisesthatisbright.

S+be+adj+that+句子:

Thedeskiscleanthatisusedbythestudent(定语从句);ThefactistruethatTomishandsome(同位语从句).

(2)复杂句的阅读方法----层次化句子阅读法

1)括号匹配

Ø……关联词(完整句)

Ø……(关联词+非完整句)

2)化右括号的条件:

Ø句子终结

Ø连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前

例1:

However,formanyyearsphysiciststhoughtthat(atomandmoleculesalwaysweremuchmorelikelytoemitlightspontaneously)andthat(stimulatedemissionthusalwayswouldbemuchweaker)

例2:

Itappearedthat〔Canadawasoncemorefallinginstepwiththetrendtowardsmallerfamilies(thathadoccurredallthroughtheWesternworldsincethetimeoftheIndustrialRevolution)〕.

例3:

Thehistoryofclinicalnutrition,orthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenhealthandhowthebodytakesinandutilizesfoodsubstances(同位语,删除),canbedividedintofourdistincteras:

thefirstbeganinthenineteenthcenturyandextendedintotheearlytwentiethcentury(whenitwasrecognizedforthefirsttimethat(foodcontainedconstituents(thatwereessentialforhumanfunction))andthat(differentfoodsprovideddifferentamountsoftheseessentialagents).

例4:

Usingtechniquesfirstdevelopedfortheoffshoreoilandgasindustry,theDSDP’sdrillship,theGlomarChallenger(同位语),wasabletomaintainasteadypositionontheocean’ssurfaceanddrillinverydeepwater,extractingsamplesofsedimentsandrockfromtheoceanfloor.

例5:

ThedesperateplightoftheSouthhaseclipsedthefactthat(reconstructionhadtobeundertakenalsoinNorth,thoughlessspectacularly).

例6:

Thetechniqueofdirectcarvingwasabreakwiththenineteenthcenturyinwhich(themakingofaclaymodelwasconsideredthecreativeact)and(theworkwasthenturnedovertostudioassistanttobecastinplasterorbronzeorcarvedinmarble).

例7:

Anyone(whohashandleafossilizedbone)knowsthat(itisusuallynotexactlylikeitsmoderncounterpart),themostobviousdifferencebeingthat(itisoftenmuchheavier)独立主格结构.

例8:

Theimpressivegaininoutput〔stemmedprimarilyfromthewayinwhich(workersmadegoodssince1790’s)〕,NorthAmericanenterpreneurs----evenwithoutthetechnologicalimprovement----hadbroadendedthescopeoftheoutworksystem(thatmademanufacturingmoreefficientbydistributingmaterialstosuccessionofworkers(whoeachperformedasinglestepoftheproductionprocess))

例9:

Thefactthat(artisanss,(whowerelockedonasmechanicsorskilledworkersintheeighteenthcentury),(arefrequentlyconsideredartiststoday)isdirectlyattibutabletotheArtsandCraftsMovementofthenineteenthcentury)

例10:

AfewartcollectorsJamesBowdoinIIIofBoston,WilliamBbyrdofVirginian,andtheAliensabdHamiltonsofPhiladelphia(同位语)introducedEuropeanarttraditionstothosecolonists〔privilegedtovisittheirgalleries,especiallyaspiringartists〕andestablishedintheirrespectivecommunitiestheideaofthevalueofartandtheneedforinstitutions〔devotedtoitsencouragement〕.

(2)倒装句的阅读方法

1)部分倒装处理方法:

把提前的助动词/be动词/情态动词去掉或还原,并按顺序理解.

2)完全倒装的处理方法

Ø构成主语的成分:

名词

代词

The+形容词

不定式

主语从句

动名词

Ø完全倒装的判断流程

例1:

Herein(adv)lay(宾语)thebeginningofwhatultimately(最终)turnedfromignorance(无知)todenialofthevalueofnutritiontherapiesinmedicine(主语).

例2:

Surroundingthecolumnarethreesepalsandthreepetals(主语),sometimeseasilyrecognizableassuch,oftendistortedintogorgeous,weird,butalwaysfunctionalshapes.

例3:

WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWarandtheeconomicboom(thatfollowedit)独立主格,youngpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlierandbegantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression.没有倒装

例4:

BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWar(宾语)isthecountry’simpressivepopulationgrowth(主语).

句子结构:

adj+prep+B+be+A=A+be+adj+prep+B

例5:

Amongthespeciesofseabirds(thatusethewindsweptcliffoftheAtlanticcoastofCanadainthesummertomate,layeggs,andreartheiryoung)arecommonmurres,Atlanticpuffins,black-leggedkittiwakes,andnortherngannets(主语).

句子结构:

AmongA+be+B=B是A的一部分

例6:

Implicitinitisanaestheticprincipleaswell:

(thatthemediumhascertainqualitiesofbeautyandexpressivenesswithwhich(sculptorsmustbringtheirownaestheticsensibilitiesintoharmony)).

例7:

Mostimportantperhaps,wasthat(theyhadallmaintainedwithacertainfidelity(状语)amanneroftechniqueandcompositionconsistentwiththoseofAmerica’sfirstpopularlandscapesartist,ThomasCole,(whobuiltacareerpaintingtheCatskillMountainscenery〔bordingtheHudsonRiver〔)).

句型结构:

S+Vt+prep+n1(介词短语)+n2,Vt的宾语实际上是n2.

例8:

Withtheturn-of-centuryCraftsmovementandthediscoveryofnontraditionalsourcesofinspiration(独立主格),suchaswoodenAfricanfiguresandmasks,therearoseanewurgeforhands-on,personalexecutionofartandaninteractionwiththemedium(主语).

例9:

Accustomedthoughweareto(倒装)speakingofthefilmsmadebefore1927as‘slient’,thefilmhasneverbeenseen,inthefullsenseoftheword,silent.

句型结构:

adj+though+S+be+prep+n=though+S+be+adj+prep+n,仅发生在让步状语从句中.

例10:

Coincidentwithconcernsabouttheacceleratinglossofspeciesandhabitatshasbeenagrowingappreciationoftheimportanceofbiologicaldiversity,thenumberofspeciesinaparticularecosystem(同位语),tothehealthoftheEarthandhumanwell-being(主语).

句型结构:

theimportanceofAtoB=A对B的重要性

例11:

MatchingtheinfluxofforeignimmigrantsintothelargercitiesoftheUnitedStatesduringthelatenineteenthcenturywasadomesticmigration(主语),fromtownandfarmtocity,withintheUnitedStates.

例12:

Indeed,haditnotbeenforthesuperbpreservationofthesefossils(虚拟条件句ifithadnotbeen),theymightwellhavebeenclassifiedasdinosaurs.

(4)强调句的阅读方法

Ø构成:

It+be+强调成分+that/who+其他成分

Ø注意:

把强调结构去掉句子仍然完整\正确的就是强调句.

     强调句不强调形容词和代词.

例1:

Itwasjustadecadebeforethis(强调句)thatmanydrugcompanieshadfoundtheirvitaminsalesskyrocketingandwerequicktosupplypracticingphysicianswithgeneroussamplesofvitaminsandliteratureextollingthevirtueofsupplementationforavatietyofhealth-relatedconditions.

例2:

Itwasshe,aBaltimoreprinter,(强调句)whopublishedthefirstofficecopiesoftheDeclaraton,thefirstcopie(thatincludedthenamesofitssingersandthereforeheraldedthesupportofallthirteencolonies).

例3:

Itwasinthecities(强调句)thattheelements(thatcanbeassociatedwithmoderncapitalismfirstappeared-----theuseofmoneyandcommercialpaperinplaceofbarter,opencompetitioninplaceofsocialdeferenceandhierarchy,withanattendantriseinsocialdisorder,andtheappearanceoffactoriesusingcoalorwaterpowerinplaceofindependentcraftspeopleworkingwithhandtools).

2.泛读----快速阅读与有效阅读

(1)阅读中的详略结合-----SKIMMING

1)需要详细阅读的内容

Ø结构主体的内容

Ø非举例性质的概括描述

Ø题目映射回原文的内容

2)可以快速浏览的内容

Ø大量的数据堆砌

Ø明显的举例:

为何而举,举例主体,结束位置

Ø对比\类比读一半

Ø让步\转折读一半(转折以后的那一半)

(2)理解单位扩大和阅读中逻辑的构建----模糊理解理论

1)阅读中的恶习----指读\声读\回读\视角高度过低\二次阅读

2)理解单位和阅读逻辑

Ø加大理解单位,变单词为意群组合----焦点训练法

✓可以合并为意群的成分:

✧副词

✧介词短语

✧分词短语

✧非谓语的不定式

✧主语和谓语或谓语和宾语

✧固定搭配

例:

Generally,inordertobepreservedinthefossilrecord,organismsmustprosesshardbodypartssuchasshellsorbones.Soft,fleshystructuresarequicklydestroyedbypredatorsordecayedbybacteria.Evenhardpartsleftonthesurfaceforcertainlengthoftimewillbedestroyed.Therefore,organismsmustbeburiedrapidlytoescapedestructionbyelementsandtobeprotectedagainstagentsofweatheringanderosion.Marineorganismsthusarebettercandidatesforfossilizationthanthoselivingonthelandbecausetheoceanistypicallythesiteofsedimentation,whereasthelandislargelythesite

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